Increasingly intensified water consumption for irrigation and the associated massive construction of water conservancy projects were responsible for the observed decreasing trend of runoff in many parts of world’s arid lands. And, the decreasing trend has been severely jeopardizing the economic development and the ecological security in Central Asia and Caucasus. The water-related issues are further compounded by following factors: (1) fragmented policies, (2) lack of regulatory frameworks, (3) different trends and paths of economic and water reforms, (4) continuing environmental degradation, (5) infrastructure deterioration, (6) institutional inconsistencies, and (7) omission of stakeholders and mismanagement of water resources. Therefore, furthering our understanding of the relevant scientific and geopolitical issues will enable us develop better strategies for water-resource management in this arid zone. The session attempts to bring relevant scientists together to exchange their research results and also to establish a social network for future collaborative research.