Hydrology of dry climate regimes has unique characteristics in terms of dominant processes and the nature of extreme events. Although dry regions occupy more than a quarter of the world’s land area (more than any other major climatic type) hydrological research in these regions has suffered from scarcity of data, lack of attention to their unique features, and the conceptual challenges arising from the problems of intermittency, heterogeneity, and nonlinearity, and the consequent lack of predictability by traditional methods. These regions also suffer from enormous water sustainability challenges, arising from the competition for scarce water resources between humans and the environment. However, research on dryland hydrology has become much more active in recent years aimed at improved understanding of the complexity of dryland processes, taking advantage of new monitoring and processing technologies, and the development of more innovative (and non-standard) approaches for addressing the associated prediction and sustainability challenges. This session is aimed at bringing together both scientists and practitioners interested and invested in the unique hydrological features of the various dry regions of the world, and the associated prediction and sustainability challenges, to present their recent findings, and in this way to stimulate discussions on the state of the art in dryland hydrology and to identify and coordinate opportunities for more productive research efforts in the future.