Soil is an integral part of the agricultural system, providing nutrients, water, and support to crops and forage for livestock. However, not all soil management strategies lead to long-term benefits for the soil system. Many different management approaches have been proposed to address the known limitations of traditional systems that rely heavily on soil tillage and the use of agrochemicals, but how well these alternative systems work depend on local soil properties, climate, and the crop being produced. This session seeks to generate productive discussion among researchers who are investigating soil-based agricultural issues, including various crops and livestock grazing, in an effort to improve sustainable agricultural production without degrading the soil resource. This session is co-organized with the Soil Science Society of America.