Understanding the building of mountain ranges is largely limited by our ability to link its topographic evolution to its deep crustal and lithospheric structure and composition. While the crust and lithosphere is known to be compositionally, petrographically and structurally inhomogeneous, little is known on how the nature and structure of the lithosphere control the deformation style and architecture of an orogen. Seismological techniques, combined with innovative field-based studies and analytical techniques, may provide a more precise characterization of the deep-seated physical parameters at play. In this session, we are welcoming contributions presenting new geophysical imaging techniques, seismologic and numerical geodynamic modeling, as well as field-based studies, combining low-temperature thermochronology, geochronology, petrography and geochemistry.