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Over the last decades, research in the Solar–Terrestrial sciences has greatly advanced our understanding of this huge and complex system. For half a century, satellites and a continuously growing network of ground-based observatories have allowed us to make observations in more remote regions of the Sun–Earth system and with higher precision than ever before. Besides, high-performance computing has enabled the development of powerful numerical models, which give us an unprecedented insight into each level of solar-terrestrial couplings. As new space missions and breakthroughs in numerical simulations fill in today’s missing pieces of knowledge, new questions arise, that need to be tackled by new thoughts. Being an early-career scientist, it is often hard to identify which questions are new and what has been answered before. In this short course, we have invited a panel of renowned researchers. They will give their view on how far we have come in our understanding, and most importantly, on what open questions and challenges lie ahead for the young scientists to embark upon. This is an excellent opportunity to meet with the experts and discuss the future of our community. The target audience is students and early-career scientists who want to increase their awareness of current and future research challenges within solar–terrestrial sciences and to discuss their potential contributions.