ENSO and the Tropical Pacific, together with their interactions with other tropical basins, are a dominant source of interannual climate variability in the tropics and across the globe. Improving our understanding and modelling of ENSO dynamics, predictability, and impacts, as well as anticipating how these may change in the future, is therefore important for society.

This session welcomes contributions addressing all aspects of ENSO, the Tropical Pacific, and tropical basin interactions, including dynamics; multi-scale interactions; decadal and paleo variability; theoretical approaches; ENSO diversity; global teleconnections; impacts on climate, society, and ecosystems; seasonal forecasting; climate change over recent decades, including changes in tropical ocean mean states; climate change projections; and interactions between ENSO and other tropical oceans. We also welcome studies of extreme ENSO events and their associated climate, societal, and ecosystem impacts, including emerging events such as the anticipated 2026 El Niño.

Studies aimed at evaluating and improving model simulations of ENSO, tropical ocean mean states, and tropical basin interactions are particularly encouraged, with special attention to the roles of mesoscale variability and ocean–atmosphere coupling.