Peatlands store large amounts of carbon and water, regulate greenhouse-gas emissions and hydrological processes, and provide unique habitat for biodiversity while buffering landscapes against environmental change. Understanding their vulnerability and resilience is therefore critical for predicting climate feedbacks and guiding effective protection and restoration. This session welcomes observational, experimental, and modelling studies from all peatland. We invite contributions that investigate peatlands’ response to natural and anthropogenic stressors, and the impacts these disturbances create on ecosystem structure, biogeochemical processes including hydrological regimes, carbon dynamics and exchanges of greenhouse gases. Relevant topics include peat formation and decomposition; vegetation change; temperature and climatic induced changes; fire; land use, drainage, resource extraction; and ecosystem restoration. Studies highlighting field or laboratory experiments along environmental gradients, long-term observations, remote sensing, data synthesis, and theoretical or process-based modelling will be adequate for this session. Contributions that integrate observations and models, connect processes across spatial and temporal scales, compare peatland types or regions, or evaluate restoration outcomes are especially welcome.