This special session will synthesize rapid scientific insights from recent large and/or disruptive earthquake sequences, highlighting what we have learned, what remains uncertain, and which methods prove most informative. We aim to feature concise, data-driven and integrative modeling spotlights on earthquake physics, rupture dynamics, ground motions, geological field analysis, geodesy, tsunami observations, early analyses, and community data/model sharing. Emphasis is on timely results emerging up to March 2026, with flexibility to include very recent events of scientific and societal relevance. The format is a moderated panel with invited talks and time for Q&A, designed to surface cross-disciplinary takeaways and priorities for follow-up studies. No abstracts are required.

This session is open to all contributions in seismology, including earthquake sources, recent earthquakes and sequences, Earth structure at local, regional and global scales, and new methods and observations, in particular work that does not fit a more specialised session.

Seismic data come in many forms, from raw waveforms to tomographic models. Throughout acquisition, processing, and inversion, uncertainties propagate and obscure our understanding of Earth's interior and subsurface. Quantifying and interpreting these uncertainties is vital for robust geological and geodynamical inferences.
In seismic tomography and imaging, uncertainties are often described by resolution metrics, such as resolution matrices or resolving kernels, or by summary statistics derived from posterior samples via Bayesian methods. Recently, machine learning techniques—including variational inference, learned distributions, and likelihood-free approaches—have been introduced to quantify uncertainty, offering promising alternatives. However, fully understanding the meaning of these uncertainties, their interactions, and their influence on model interpretation remains a major challenge.
Once quantified, how do these uncertainties affect downstream applications in geodynamics, mineral physics, or earthquake hazard assessment? Are tomographic inferences reliable enough to support these fields, or do uncertainties limit our conclusions?
Beyond observational data, other uncertainty sources—such as model parameterisation, prior assumptions, and the choice of forward models—add complexity. How do these modelling choices influence the recovered Earth structure and its uncertainties? How can we distinguish genuine Earth features from modelling artefacts?
This session invites contributions that:
• Develop or apply novel methods for quantifying uncertainty in seismic tomography,
• Explore how uncertainty impacts Earth structure interpretations,
• Compare different uncertainty quantification approaches,
• Address model validation and benchmarking amid uncertainty,
• Investigate how tomographic uncertainties propagate into fields like geodynamics, mineral physics, or hazard modelling.
We welcome studies covering global and regional scales, body-wave and surface-wave tomography, full-waveform inversion, ambient noise imaging, and any seismic method where uncertainty is crucial. Cross-disciplinary and innovative methodological contributions are particularly encouraged.

Computational earth science uses modelling to understand complex physical systems which cannot be directly observed. Over the last years, numerical modeling of earthquakes has provided new approaches to apprehend the physics of earthquake rupture and the seismic cycle, seismic wave propagation, fault zone evolution, and seismic hazard assessment. Recent advances in numerical algorithms and increasing computational power enable unforeseen precision and incorporation of multi-physics components in physics-based simulations of earthquake rupture and seismic wave propagation but also pose challenges in terms of fully exploiting modern supercomputing infrastructure, realistic parameterization of simulation ingredients, and the analysis of large synthetic datasets. Meanwhile, advances in laboratory experiments link earthquake source processes to rock mechanics.

This session brings together modelers and data analysts interested in the physics and computational aspects of earthquake phenomena and earthquake engineering. We welcome contributions spanning all aspects of seismic hazard assessment and earthquake physics - from slow slip events, fault mechanics and rupture dynamics, to wave propagation and ground motion analysis, to the seismic cycle and interseismic deformation and links to long-term tectonics and geodynamics - as well as studies advancing the state-of-the art in the related computational and numerical aspects.

The oceans cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface, yet our understanding of the oceanic crust, mantle, and dynamic processes remains limited. A major reason is the difficulty of observing Earth's structure and seismicity beneath the oceans compared to land. To address this gap, a wide range of amphibian instruments are increasingly being used, from ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) to distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), MERMAIDs, and other novel geophysical and environmental sensors. Together, these tools are transforming our ability to explore and monitor the oceans and the solid Earth beneath them.

Over the past two decades, these approaches have led to fascinating discoveries, from earthquake processes and subduction dynamics to mantle plumes, mid-ocean ridges, transform faults, thermal heterogeneity, and volatile cycling. They also reveal exciting new opportunities to study oceanographic, biological, and environmental processes. Yet challenges remain: large-scale deployments are costly and logistically complex, data sharing and best practices are often limited, and many valuable data sets remain inaccessible for years, reducing the long-term impact of these community investments.

This session invites contributions from the global community on the full spectrum of amphibian geophysics: from new scientific results to experiment and observable design, novel analysis methods (e.g. machine learning, data fusion, cross-disciplinary approaches) to instrument development. We particularly encourage submissions that integrate different types of amphibian instrumentation and highlight the role of ocean observations in advancing our understanding of both the oceans and the Earth’s deep interior.

Fibre-optic based techniques enable highly precise point and distributed sensing of the full ground motion wavefield including translation, rotation and strain, as well as environmental parameters such as temperature at scales and with a degree of coverage previously unattainable with conventional geophysical sensors. Considerable improvements in optical and atom interferometry enable new concepts for inertial rotation, translational displacement and acceleration sensing. Laser reflectometry and polarisation analysis on commercial fibre-optic cables allow, for the first time, spatially dense and temporally continuous sensing of the ocean’s floor, successfully detecting a variety of signals including microseisms, local and teleseismic earthquakes, volcanic events and ocean dynamics. A significant breakthrough in the use of fibre-optic sensing techniques came from the new ability to interrogate already existing telecommunication cables to high temporal and spatial precision across a wide range of environments. Applications based on this new type of data are numerous, including seismic source and wavefield characterisation with single point observations in harsh environments such as active volcanoes and the seafloor, ambient seismic noise interferometry, earthquake and tsunami early warning, and infrastructure stability monitoring.

We welcome contributions on developments in instrumental and theoretical advances, applications and processing with fibre-optic point and/or distributed multi-sensing techniques, light polarisation and transmission analyses, using standard telecommunication and/or engineered fibre-optic cables. We seek studies on theoretical, instrumental, observation and advanced processing across all solid earth fields, including seismology, volcanology, glaciology, geodesy, geophysics, natural hazards, oceanography, urban environment, geothermal applications, laboratory studies, large-scale field tests, planetary exploration, gravitational wave detection and fundamental physics. We encourage contributions on data analysis techniques, novel applications, machine learning, data management, instrumental performance and comparison as well as new experimental, field, laboratory, and modelling studies in fibre-optic sensing studies.

Water shapes the Earth system in all its states: liquid in aquifers, soils, peatlands, rivers, lakes, and oceans; ice in glaciers and permafrost; and vapor in geothermal, hydrothermal, and volcanic systems. Its phase, distribution and movement influence the mechanical properties of the subsurface and are therefore imprinted on how seismic waves propagate. This makes seismology a powerful, non-invasive tool to quantify where water is stored, how it moves, and how it changes phase, across scales from pores to catchments, from the near surface to the deep crust, and from hours to decades.

This session focuses on seismic approaches that image and monitor water, and translate seismic observables into hydrological, cryospheric and fluid-related information. We welcome theoretical, laboratory and field contributions using active and passive methods, including ambient noise, velocity changes, attenuation, dense nodal arrays and distributed acoustic sensing. Themes include groundwater storage and aquifer dynamics, soil moisture and the critical zone, peatland water tables and gas content, glacial hydrology and subglacial and englacial drainage, permafrost and freeze-thaw cycles, crustal fluids in geothermal reservoirs and in hydrothermal systems at volcanoes, and the role of changing hydrological conditions in preconditioning mass movements and other geohazards.

We especially encourage interdisciplinary studies that integrate seismic results with hydrological models, in-situ measurements and remote sensing. Our aim is to bring together seismologists, hydrologists, cryosphere scientists and researchers studying geothermal and volcanic fluids to build a quantitative, physically grounded picture of water in the Earth system.

Meteorological events and climate extremes can generate a wide range of environmental processes, from intense rainfall, floods and sediment transport to landslides, snow avalanches, glacier dynamics and coastal and ocean responses. Many of these processes generate seismic signals that can be continuously recorded by seismic networks, dense nodal arrays and emerging technologies such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). Environmental seismology therefore offers a complementary observational approach to conventional meteorological, hydrological, remote-sensing and geophysical techniques.
This session aims to bring together recent advances in the use of seismic observations to detect, characterize and quantify meteorological events and their environmental impacts. We welcome contributions addressing both the generation and interpretation of environmental seismic signals and their use for monitoring environmental processes.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, seismic signatures of rainfall, storms, floods and river discharge; sediment transport and debris flows; rainfall-triggered landslides and other mass movements; snow and avalanche dynamics; glacier and permafrost responses to meteorological forcing; ocean- and atmosphere-generated seismic signals; freeze–thaw processes; and cascading responses to extreme weather events. We particularly encourage contributions demonstrating how seismic observations can provide quantitative information on environmental conditions, process rates or event evolution.
The session also welcomes methodological advances, including ambient seismic noise analysis, seismic interferometry, dense seismic arrays, nodal instrumentation, Distributed Acoustic Sensing, machine learning and real-time seismic monitoring. Contributions combining seismic observations with meteorological, hydrological, remote-sensing or other environmental observations are especially encouraged.
By bringing together researchers from seismology, geomorphology, hydrology, cryospheric sciences and environmental monitoring, this session aims to highlight the potential of environmental seismology as an emerging tool for observing and understanding the response of the Earth system to meteorological forcing and extreme events.

Earthquake sequences frequently diverge from simple mainshock-aftershock models, exhibiting complex spatio-temporal patterns and moment release. This complexity is especially prevalent in volcanic regions, where earthquake swarms and pronounced foreshock activity occur across various tectonic settings, challenging established earthquake laws (e.g., Båth's law, Omori-Utsu, and Gutenberg-Richter). Proposed triggering mechanisms encompass changes in pore pressure, aseismic slip events such as creep and slow slip, stress perturbations induced by magma, and interactions between earthquakes.
Recent advancements in earthquake catalog generation, utilizing machine learning, template matching, and double-difference techniques, offer unprecedented resolution for investigating complex seismic sequences, identifying triggering mechanisms, and elucidating underlying physical processes. This session aims to assemble research on earthquake swarms and complex seismic sequences from a range of natural or induced settings and spatial scales.
Contributions are invited that analyze earthquake swarms and complex seismic sequences with respect to spatio-temporal evolution, frequency-magnitude distributions, scaling properties, and triggering mechanisms. Submissions employing laboratory and numerical modeling to simulate mechanical conditions leading to swarm-like and complex seismic sequences are also encouraged. The objective is to synthesize knowledge from diverse tectonic environments to advance understanding of the physical processes governing complex seismic sequences. Multidisciplinary studies integrating deformation data, geophysical imaging, geological analysis, and fluid geochemistry are particularly welcome.

In recent years, technologies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as image processing, smart sensors, and intelligent inversion, have garnered significant attention from researchers in the geosciences community. These technologies offer the promise of transitioning geosciences from qualitative to quantitative analysis, unlocking new insights and capabilities previously thought unattainable.
One of the key reasons for the growing popularity of AI in geosciences is its unparalleled ability to efficiently analyze vast datasets within remarkably short timeframes. This capability empowers scientists and researchers to tackle some of the most intricate and challenging issues in fields like Geophysics, Seismology, Hydrology, Planetary Science, Remote Sensing, and Disaster Risk Reduction.
As we stand on the cusp of a new era in geosciences, the integration of artificial intelligence promises to deliver more accurate estimations, efficient predictions, and innovative solutions. By leveraging algorithms and machine learning, AI empowers geoscientists to uncover intricate patterns and relationships within complex data sources, ultimately advancing our understanding of the Earth's dynamic systems. In essence, artificial intelligence has become an indispensable tool in the pursuit of quantitative precision and deeper insights in the fascinating world of geosciences.
For this reason, aim of this session is to explore new advances and approaches of AI in Geosciences.

Assessing the time-dependent probability of earthquakes and anticipating their cascading effects—including earthquake-generated tsunami waves and volcanic unrest—remain major challenges in Earth sciences. Recent advances in ground-based and spaceborne observations, laboratory experiments, numerical modelling, statistical analysis, computational methods and data-driven approaches offer unprecedented opportunities to investigate preparatory processes and evolving hazards by integrating heterogeneous observations across the different domains of the Earth system.
The session aims to foster interdisciplinary discussion on earthquake-related processes and to assess critically how multiparametric observations, physical knowledge and advanced data-analysis methods can improve our understanding, forecasting and time-dependent assessment of seismic and volcanic hazards and their impacts.
Particularly welcome are studies addressing:
- Ground-based and satellite observations of electric, magnetic, electromagnetic anomalies potentially associated with impending seismic and volcanic activity;
- Multi-parametric seismological, geodetic, geological, geochemical, hydrological, atmospheric and ionospheric observations;
- Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) and related measurements;
- Transient deformation, fluid-related processes, seismicity patterns, earthquake-generated tsunami waves and other coupled phenomena;
- Possible relationships between seismic processes, Earth tides, lunar forcing, solar–Earth interactions and Space Weather;
- Theoretical models, numerical simulations and long-term data-analyses;
- Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep-learning methods for anomaly detection, data integration, forecasting and uncertainty assessment.
Contributions presenting results from new instruments, innovative observational infrastructures and current or forthcoming satellite missions investigating atmospheric, ionospheric and electromagnetic disturbances potentially related to seismic and volcanic activity are especially encouraged.
Further contributions may focus on real-time monitoring, multimission and multiplatform data integration, open-data services and interoperable platforms supporting the development of integrated Earthquake Observing Systems.

Many regions of the Earth, from crust to core, exhibit anisotropic fabrics which can reveal much about geodynamic processes in the subsurface. These fabrics can exist at a variety of scales, from crystallographic orientations to regional structure alignments. In the past few decades, a tremendous body of multidisciplinary research has been dedicated to characterizing anisotropy in the solid Earth and understanding its geodynamical implications. This has included work in fields such as: (1) geophysics, to make in situ observations and construct models of anisotropic properties at a range of depths; (2) mineral physics, to explain the cause of some of these observations; and (3) numerical modelling, to relate the inferred fabrics to regional stress and flow regimes and, thus, geodynamic processes in the Earth. The study of anisotropy in the Solid Earth encompasses topics so diverse that it often appears fragmented according to regions of interest, e.g., the upper or lower crust, oceanic lithosphere, continental lithosphere, cratons, subduction zones, D'', or the inner core. The aim of this session is to bring together scientists working on different aspects of mechanical anisotropy to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. We encourage contributions from all disciplines of the earth sciences (including mineral physics, seismology, magnetotellurics, geodynamic modelling) focused on mechanical anisotropy at all scales and depths within the Earth.

Mitigating earthquake disasters involves several key elements, from hazard assessment to impacts quantification and reduction. Core components are: a) The analysis of hazards– assessing ground shaking and cascading effects on natural/built environments; b) The assessment of vulnerability and exposure to hazards, for buildings, infrastructures and people (including social vulnerability); c) Risk management – from short-term emergency response and recovery, to long-term governance and preparedness actions.
Given the complexity of earthquake related hazards and their impact on different systems, diverse seismic hazard and risk models are needed at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These rely on multi-disciplinary data, and require testing and validation of all components to ensure effective mitigation.
We therefore invite contributions on seismic risk research and assessment, covering:
- Development of physical/statistical models, including AI and machine learning for hazard, exposure and vulnerability;
- Assessment of earthquake hazard and risk across scales, as well as their validation against observations;
- Time-dependent hazard and risk assessments, including the impact of aftershocks;
- Assessment of cascading hazards (e.g. earthquake induced landslides and tsunamis) and development of multi-risk scenarios;
- Development of systems providing post-event information, such as early warning and alerts for effective emergency management;
- Social vulnerability and mitigation challenges, from assessment to governance, along with advances in communication, citizen-science and risk awareness research.
This interdisciplinary session aims to foster knowledge exchange, share best practices, highlight current gaps, and outline future research directions.

Recent advances in physical and statistical modeling based on seismicity patterns provide new insights into the preparation of large earthquakes and the temporal, spatial, and magnitude evolution of seismicity.
Improvements in monitoring technologies now deliver seismic data of unprecedented quality and quantity. Earthquake catalogs are more complete and accurate than ever, and many are now publicly available, enabling analysis of understudied regions and expanding global knowledge. New-generation catalogs, sometimes compiled with machine learning, reveal seismicity structures in ways not previously possible.
Additionally, geodetic, geological, and geochemical data, fluid analyses, laboratory experiments, and earthquake simulators generating synthetic catalogs help refine models and test hypotheses. Integrating these multidisciplinary perspectives enhances our understanding of earthquake generation.
To exploit these datasets, statistical approaches and machine learning are essential. These tools uncover hidden relationships and clustering and address challenges of data inhomogeneity, paving the way for deeper understanding and more robust forecasting.
We invite contributions on developments in physical and statistical modeling and machine learning, including:

• Spatial, temporal, and magnitude properties of earthquake statistics
• Earthquake clustering analyses
• Earthquake forecasting, including related software and methods
• Effects of fluid diffusion and geodetic deformation on seismicity
• Applications in understudied regions (e.g., Africa, Southeast Asia)
• Quantitative testing, data requirements and validation of models
• Machine learning and pattern recognition applied to seismic data
• Model uncertainty quantification
• Reliability and completeness of catalogs
• Time-dependent hazard assessment

Numerous cases of induced/triggered seismicity resulting either directly or indirectly from injection/extraction associated with anthropogenic activity related to geo-resources exploration have been reported in the last decades. Induced earthquakes felt by the general public can often negatively affect public perception of geo-energies and may lead to the cancellation of important projects. Furthermore, large earthquakes may jeopardize wellbore stability and damage surface infrastructure. Thus, monitoring and modeling processes leading to fault slip, either seismic or aseismic, are critical to developing effective and reliable forecasting methodologies during deep underground exploitation. The complex interaction between injected fluids, subsurface geology, stress interactions, and resulting fault slip requires an interdisciplinary approach to understand the triggering mechanisms, and may require taking coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes into account.
In this session, we invite contributions from research aimed at investigating the interaction of the above processes during exploitation of underground resources, including hydrocarbon extraction, wastewater disposal, geothermal energy exploitation, hydraulic fracturing, gas storage and production, mining, and reservoir impoundment for hydro-energy. We particularly encourage novel contributions based on laboratory and underground near-fault experiments, numerical modeling, the spatio-temporal relationship between seismic properties, injection/extraction parameters, and/or geology, and fieldwork. Contributions covering both theoretical and experimental aspects of induced and triggered seismicity at multiple spatial and temporal scales are welcome.

X-ray and neutron imaging are transforming experimental geosciences by allowing processes occurring inside opaque Earth materials to be directly observed in three dimensions and through time. Beyond increasingly detailed 3D characterization, advances in synchrotron and neutron imaging now make it possible to follow dynamic geological processes in situ, under controlled and increasingly realistic thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical conditions.
This transition to 4D observation has opened a fundamentally different window on experiments. Many processes that are difficult or impossible to infer from conventional bulk measurements or before-and-after observations can now be observed as they occur: where deformation first localizes, how fractures nucleate and propagate, how fluids invade and redistribute through pore networks, and how dissolution, precipitation or phase transformations interact with transport and mechanics.
X-rays and neutrons offer particularly complementary information. Their different interaction mechanisms provide sensitivity to different phases and elements, opening opportunities for correlative, multimodal and increasingly simultaneous observations of complex geological systems.
This session aims to bring together the growing X-ray and neutron imaging communities in geosciences, from instrumentation and methodological developments to fundamental and applied discoveries. We welcome contributions on deformation and fracture, fluid flow and multiphase processes, reactive transport, mineral reactions, CO₂ storage and mineralisation, geothermal systems, volcanology, soils, ice and planetary materials, as well as new experimental, analytical and multimodal approaches.
By bringing together users of synchrotron and neutron facilities, Large-scale infrastructures or university benched scanners, we hope to encourage exchanges across techniques and applications and discuss the next generation of 4D experiments in geosciences.

The purpose of this session is to present recent advances in the analysis of environmental contamination using Applied Geophysics, Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence approaches.
Characterizing and understanding the surface and subsurface is a challenge for many scientific areas.
The risk assessment of a contaminated site, using traditional procedures, implies soil and water sampling to proceed to chemical analysis to quantify potentially toxic metals. This is very expensive and time-consuming task.
Remote sensing methods can be applied as preceding steps of the traditional approaches to define places to create classification maps, to know where the most contaminated sites are.
Applied Geophysics investigates underground using a variety of non-invasive and non-destructive techniques such as ground-penetrating radar, magnetics, electrical resistivity tomography, electromagnetic induction, and seismics. Remote Sensing uses methods such as photogrammetry, LIDAR, GNSS, and satellite hyperspectral data to determine physical properties at a distance. Some Remote Sensing technologies can also give information from the subsurface or the interior of structures. Artificial Intelligence can be a useful tool to manage information using as inputs data provided by different methods that can help in the calculation of contamination maps.
Knowledge in these fields can be applied to a variety of research topics, combining all-together results of several fields like the mentioned above, using Artificial Intelligence. This can enable the development of integrated tools for optimized environmental management, enabling the automated identification of risk areas and promoting the reduction of sampling and operational costs, as well as reducing assessment times in the management of contaminated areas.
This approach has great potential to be replicated in other environmental contamination problems, such as those produced by industrial waste, landfills, as well as intensive agriculture.
This session will collect the contributions from Applied Geophysics, Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence in the following topics:
- Environmental studies: characterization of the soil and water contamination by potentially toxic metals in mining places, industrial waste, landfills and intensive agriculture.
- Innovations in data acquisition, processing approaches, and big data management of Geophysical, Remote Sensing and AI methods.

Understanding the properties and history of the core of Earth-like planets is essential to constructing a global planetary structure and evolution model and has implications for the planet's thermal, compositional, and orbital evolution. Unraveling planetary cores' structures, dynamics, and history, however, requires a synergy between many fields of expertise, such as mineral physics, geochemistry, seismology, geodynamics, gravimetry, geomagnetism, or remote sensing. This session welcomes contributions from all the aforementioned disciplines following theoretical, numerical, observational, or experimental approaches and aims to serve as a catalyst for multidisciplinary studies of Earth and Earth-like planetary cores.

Every year brings new observations about earthquakes with a level of detail never reached before. In parallel, observational and computational methods keep improving significantly in seismology, geodesy, and in paleoseismology-geomorphology. Hence, on one hand, the number of earthquakes with well-documented rupture processes and deformation patterns is increasing. On the other hand, the number of studies documenting long time series of past earthquakes, including quantification of past deformation, has also increased. In parallel, the modeling community working on rupture dynamics, including earthquake cycle, is also making significant progress. Thus, this session is the opportunity to bring together these different contributions to foster further collaboration between the different groups all focusing on the same objective of integrating earthquake processes into the earthquake cycle framework and possibly use it for seismic hazard assessment. In this session, we welcome contributions documenting earthquake ruptures and processes, both for ancient events or more recent ones, such as the 2025 Myanmar earthquake, or the 2026 Venezuela doublet earthquakes for examples, from seismological, geodetic, or paleoseismological perspectives. Works combining different approaches are particularly welcome, as are contributions documenting deformation during pre-, post-, or interseismic periods, which are highly relevant to understanding earthquake cycles. We also seek contributions looking at the earthquake cycle from the modeling perspective, both numerical or analogue, especially including approaches that mix data and modeling. Finally, seismic hazard assessment works building on this multi-scales approach will also be considered.

For decades, experimental work has contributed significantly to how we understand deformation in the Earth’s lithosphere. While the geological record preserved in natural samples often resembles a snapshot frozen in time, experiments allow us to follow their journey. Experiments provide a unique means of linking processes to products, testing hypotheses, and developing better-informed numerical models, by controlling boundary conditions, isolating key parameters, manipulating materials or observing deformation in real time.
This session’s aim is to bring together experimentalists from across disciplines to explore what experiments can reveal about lithospheric deformation, and foster discussions on identifying and expanding their limitations. We welcome contributions addressing deformation across a broad range of scales (micro- to crustal scale), conditions (brittle to ductile) and strain rates (seismic to aseismic). We particularly encourage the submission of studies that introduce new experimental techniques, bridge scales or disciplines, challenge existing paradigms, combine experiments with observations on natural samples or numerical models, or examine unexpected outcomes.

Not every experiment goes as planned. Yet, failure can be the starting point of some of the most interesting discussions and discoveries. Which processes are impossible or simply too difficult to reproduce? What limitations are imposed by apparatus, materials, or boundary conditions? Where do scaling laws break down? And what can we learn from failed experiments?
Negative results may provide the foundation for important advances. We therefore also invite contributions that look beyond experimental success and share challenges, failures and the insights they reveal.

Our goal is to connect diverse experimental communities, facilitate the exchange of methods and ideas, and create a supportive space for discussing both achievements and setbacks. By fostering dialogue among experimentalists, this session seeks to identify common challenges, open new opportunities for collaboration, and ultimately strengthen the role of experiments in deciphering Earth’s deformation processes.

Environmental seismology has matured into a key discipline for exploring Earth surface dynamics across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. Physical, chemical, and biological processes leave measurable imprints in seismic records, whether as discrete events or continuous signatures. By sensing continuously to processes that are hard to observe by other measurements, environmental seismology methods are increasingly refined to capture these signals with high resolution, scalable deployment, and integration across diverse observational platforms. As a community of geophysicists, geomorphologists, glaciologists, hydrologists, volcanologists, engineers, and ecologists, we advance theory, develop methods, and apply seismic observations to pressing questions in Earth-surface research and natural hazards, including when and how mountains and volcanoes destabilize, how glaciers and frozen ground respond to warming, how sediment transport shapes rivers, and how water input alters the subsurface.
We invite contributions on methodological and theoretical developments, field and laboratory experiments, and innovative applications. We particularly welcome work that combines seismic observations with complementary data streams (e.g., remote sensing, in-situ monitoring, fiber-optic networks, or meteorological records), as well as studies leveraging data-intensive approaches (e.g., large-scale arrays, distributed acoustic sensing, machine learning, physics-informed modeling). We anticipate a lively discussion on current challenges in understanding Earth surface processes, opportunities for community-based research and open data initiatives, and the role of seismic methods in addressing urgent questions related to climate change, natural hazard resilience, and coupled Earth system dynamics.

Understanding how faults and tectonic systems evolve requires reconciling observations from seconds to years for earthquake swarms, slow-slip events and aseismic creep; numerous years for geodetic strain accumulation; and thousands to millions of years for cumulative fault-slip, exhumation, and landscape evolution. These timescales are typically studied using diverse tools, from earthquake catalogues and GNSS timeseries to paleoseismology and geomorphology, yet the underlying question is shared: what physical processes underlie (or control) elastic strain accumulation on faults, and what is their impact on fault growth?

This session invites contributions that explicitly connect short- and long-term perspectives on active tectonics and seismicity. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: earthquake swarms and their relation to fluid migration, pore-pressure transients and aseismic slip; interseismic strain accumulation and fault creep from geodetic and seismological observations; fault slip rates over geodetic, earthquake and geological timescales; paleoseismology and earthquake histories from geological and geomorphological archives; the role of fluids and rheology in modulating seismic versus aseismic deformation across the brittle to ductile transition; and numerical or conceptual models that bridge earthquake-cycle and long-term tectonic evolution. We particularly welcome studies from actively extending, contracting, or transform continental settings (e.g. the Aegean-Anatolian region, the Apennines, the Basin and Range, East African and other rifts) and encourage interdisciplinary contributions linking seismic hazard assessment with the longer-term geological record.

The Caribbean supra-subduction system has undergone continuous evolution and repeated reorganizations since the Late Mesozoic, while remaining intensely active today. Subduction, arc and back-arc dynamics interact with major strike-slip systems, collision zones and distributed deformation, together shaping a broad, complex and evolving plate-boundary region. The geological record and present-day activity of this system provide complementary constraints on how plate boundaries initiate, evolve, interact, merge and disappear, and on the processes controlling their localization and reorganization.
Increasingly refined geological, geochemical, geochronological, geophysical and geodetic observations constrain this evolution from Mesozoic plate configurations to present-day fault kinematics and deformation. Geochronological, geochemical and isotopic records provide temporal and petrogenetic constraints on magmatism, metamorphism, deformation, crust–mantle interactions and changes in geodynamic regime through time. Together, these observations reveal interactions between crustal deformation, inherited structures, subduction dynamics, mantle flow and magmatism, providing an opportunity to investigate how these processes interact across crustal and mantle depths and how past evolution influences present-day deformation.
We welcome contributions addressing the structure, kinematics, dynamics and evolution of the Caribbean tectonic system, including plate reconstructions and boundary reorganization, active faulting and deformation partitioning, subduction and back-arc processes, mantle dynamics, seismicity, magmatism and arc evolution, fluid-rock interactions, and vertical motions. We encourage contributions integrating geological, geochemical, geochronological, geophysical, geodetic and modelling approaches, particularly those using the Caribbean to address broader questions about the dynamics and evolution of plate boundaries and supra-subduction systems.

Natural hydrogen generated mainly by water–rock interactions, particularly oxydo-reduction of Fe-bearing rocks, is increasingly investigated as both a fundamental geological process and a potential subsurface resource. While geological H₂ generation has been observed, major uncertainties remain regarding production rates, pathways, geochemical and biological sinks, and accumulation in the subsurface.
Addressing these questions requires moving towards an integrated understanding of the natural hydrogen system, from source to accumulation. Bridging fundamental research and exploration is essential: process-based knowledge provides the framework for interpreting subsurface observations, while exploration datasets offer unique opportunities to test hypotheses at the scale of natural systems.
This session invites multidisciplinary contributions addressing the different components of natural hydrogen systems: water sources, circulation and access to reactive rocks; geometry and dynamics of ultramafic source regions; serpentinization mechanisms, reaction kinetics and H₂ generation; structural controls and migration pathways; geochemical and biological sinks; gas–water–rock interactions and gas mixtures; reservoir properties, trapping and sealing mechanisms; and H₂ accumulation and preservation.
We particularly welcome studies integrating geology, structural geology, petrology, geochemistry, microbiology, laboratory experiments, numerical and reactive-transport modelling, and geophysical imaging, including seismic, electromagnetic, gravity, magnetic and multiphysics approaches.
A central objective is to connect processes with observable signatures: What transforms an H₂-generating geological environment into a functioning natural hydrogen system? Which observations can constrain its source, activity, migration pathways and potential accumulation? By connecting fundamental understanding with subsurface observations, this session aims to advance both the science and exploration of natural hydrogen.

Time series are a common type of data generated by observational and modelling efforts across Earth, environmental and space sciences. Long-term observations are particularly important for understanding gradual changes and assessing risks, yet are often difficult to sustain and fund. Their characteristics can vary substantially, from short to long records, linear to nonlinear dynamics, univariate to multivariate data, and single- to multi-scale variability. These differences call for both tailored methodologies and general approaches.

A key challenge is distinguishing random fluctuations from long-term changes in order to better understand processes within and across Earth system components. This requires knowledge of temporal variability and, often, sufficiently long observations. For example, reliable sea-level trends may require several decades of continuous measurements because of decadal variability. Likewise, the stochastic variability of geophysical time series can exhibit power-law scaling, requiring long records for robust statistical assessment.

Time series analysis encompasses a broad range of tasks, including:
- characterizing nonlinear variability in the time and/or frequency domain;
- quantifying complexity, predictability and scaling properties;
- identifying statistical interdependencies within and between time series;
- distinguishing co-variability from causal relationships;
- reducing dimensionality and identifying meaningful modes of variability; and
- developing stochastic and deterministic statistical or dynamical models.

This session invites contributions on the development and application of modern methods for analysing observational and model time series across the EGU community, including geophysical, geodynamic, oceanographic, geodetic and climate observations from terrestrial observatories and remote sensing. Contributions addressing advances in sensors, instrumentation, monitoring, analysis and interpretation, as well as comparisons of different approaches, are welcome. Studies using novel methods, including AI, for the analysis of long time series are particularly encouraged. We aim to foster interdisciplinary exchange and cross-fertilization between different EGU divisions.

The manner in which faults are treated is rapidly changing. The simplistic view of a fault as a discrete 2D plane has been replaced by a view that regards faults as 3D features with a complex structure that consists of different zones with widely variable petrophysical characteristics. This complexity is reflected in the highly diverse behavior of faults, which is why fault analysis requires a wide range of concepts and tools. We solicit a broad spectrum of contributions that cover the topics of “fault mechanics”, “fault geometries”, “fault kinematics” and “fault behavior” (rupturing and creeping), using geological outcrop studies, geophysical methods (not restricted to the near-surface), experiments (friction or sand-box models) and numerical modeling studies. Especially welcome are holistic studies that combine these different approaches to achieve a better understanding of faults and outcrop studies of faults that reflect fault-related processes.

Sitting under a tree, you feel the spark of an idea, and suddenly everything falls into place. The following days and tests confirm: you have made a magnificent discovery — so the classical story of scientific genius goes…

But science as a human activity is error-prone, and might be more adequately described as "trial and error". Handling mistakes and setbacks is therefore a key skill of scientists. Yet, we publish only those parts of our research that did work. That is also because a study may have better chances to be accepted for scientific publication if it confirms an accepted theory or reaches a positive result (publication bias). Conversely, the cases that fail in their test of a new method or idea often end up in a drawer (which is why publication bias is also sometimes called the "file drawer effect"). This is potentially a waste of time and resources within our community, as other scientists may set about testing the same idea or model setup without being aware of previous failed attempts.

Thus, we want to turn the story around, and ask you to share 1) those ideas that seemed magnificent but turned out not to be, and 2) the errors, bugs, and mistakes in your work that made the scientific road bumpy. In the spirit of open science and in an interdisciplinary setting, we want to bring the BUGS out of the drawers and into the spotlight. What ideas were torn down or did not work, and what concepts survived in the ashes or were robust despite errors?

We explicitly solicit Blunders, Unexpected Glitches, and Surprises (BUGS) from modeling and field or lab experiments and from all disciplines of the Geosciences.

In a friendly atmosphere, we will learn from each other’s mistakes, understand the impact of errors and abandoned paths on our work, give each other ideas for shared problems, and generate new insights for our science or scientific practice.

Here are some ideas for contributions that we would love to see:
- Ideas that sounded good at first, but turned out to not work.
- Results that presented themselves as great in the first place but turned out to be caused by a bug or measurement error.
- Errors and slip-ups that resulted in insights.
- Failed experiments and negative results.
- Obstacles and dead ends you found and would like to warn others about.

For inspiration, see the collection of BUGS - ranging from clay bricks to atmospheric temperature extremes - at https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU25/session/52496

The Earth’s magnetic field is produced by dynamo action in the liquid iron core, which has profound influence on our habitable planet. One of the most striking manifestations of the geodynamo are complete reversals of the dipole. Numerical simulations indicate that the lower mantle has a manifold impact on the dynamo whereby the absolute value and pattern of the heat flux through the core-mantle boundary affects the field strength, field geometry and reversal rate. However, neither the structure and the long-term evolution of the lower mantle and the core, nor the coupling between the two, are well understood. Moreover, field strength and reversal rate likely influence the survival and evolution of magnetoreceptive organisms, especially magnetotatic bacteria. We invite contributions that aim at understanding the long-term evolution of the geomagnetic field and Earth's core dynamics, deep mantle dynamics and its influence on the geodynamo. This interdisciplinary session aims to bring together paleomagnetists, seismologists, dynamo modellers, mantle dynamicists, mineral physicists, and biologists.

This session focuses on studies that use space or sea-floor geodetic data in order to investigate and infer tectonic plate motions, deformation zones between and within plates, and the current status of earthquake cycles in different settings.

We are looking for studies that investigate how tectonic plates move through time, how such movements are accommodated in deformation zones, and how elastic strain builds up and is then released along faults and at plate boundaries. These studies should combine space or sea-floor geodesy with observations like seismicity, geological slip-rates and rakes, or sea-level and gravity changes.
Key questions concentrate on earthquake likelihood, fault slip-rates, uplift rates, non-elastic strain, and sea-level changes: How to best reference relative InSAR rate maps to plate motions? How to distinguish between horizontal/vertical InSAR signals in order to inform geodynamical inferences? How can we infer the likelihood of future earthquakes from elastic strain buildup? How persistent are fault asperities over multiple earthquake cycles? Are paleoseismic fault slip rates identical to those constrained by geodesy? What portion of plate motion results in earthquakes, and where does the rest go? How do mountains grow in the geologically-short term? How well can we constrain the stresses that drive the observed deformation? How much do the nearly-constant velocities of plates vary during the earthquake cycle, and does this influence the definition of Earth's reference frame?

The Eastern Mediterranean is among the most tectonically active regions that evolved by the complex interaction of the three major plates: African, Arabian and Eurasian. Its geodynamic evolution involves a diverse range of tectonic processes, including subduction, continental collision, strike-slip faulting, large-scale extension, crustal block extrusion, and slab deformation. This region therefore provides a natural laboratory for investigating how lithospheric deformation develops and is accommodated across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales.

Devastating earthquakes have occurred along all of the major tectonic structures in the region, including the continental transform faults of the North Anatolian, East Anatolian, and Dead Sea fault systems, as well as the subduction zone along the Hellenic Arc, both throughout the historical records and in recent years. The interaction between shallow fault activity and deep-seated mantle processes remains an important and debated question. Recent destructive earthquakes have further highlighted the need for better understanding of the seismic cycle and the underlying geodynamic process that governs active deformation in the region.

We invite multidisciplinary contributions spanning neotectonics, seismology, tectonic geodesy (e.g., GNSS, InSAR), paleoseismology, tectonic geomorphology, structural geology, remote sensing, and geodynamic modelling to strengthen our comprehension of active tectonics and geodynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean. We particularly encourage submissions from early-career researchers.

Faults release tectonic strain through a wide and complex spectrum of slip behaviors, including aseismic creep, episodic slow-slip events and earthquakes. Field observations, seismological and geodetic data, laboratory experiments, and numerical modelling have shown that a range of factors, including structural and geometrical complexity, mechanical and rheological heterogeneities, fluid pressure and chemistry, and temperature, all interact across spatial and temporal scales to govern fault slip behavior. Yet, understanding how these interconnected factors control the occurrence of different slip modes and the transitions between them remains one of the fundamental challenges in earthquake science. This session welcomes contributions that investigate the wide range of fault slip behaviors using multidisciplinary and multiscale approaches, including field observations, structural and microstructural analyses, laboratory rock deformation experiments, geochemical and hydrological characterization of fault fluids, seismological and geodetic observations of active faults, and numerical modelling. We aim to foster discussion on the physicochemical and mechanical processes controlling fault strength, slip stability, rupture nucleation and propagation, and the evolution of fault zone geometry across the seismic cycle. By bringing together complementary perspectives across scales, this session seeks to improve seismic hazard assessment and our understanding of the mechanics of faulting and earthquakes.

AI is rapidly transforming research in deep Earth geodynamics, shaping research strategy, driving new research pathways, and promoting new research directions. This session invites AI-driven contributions and Machine Learning applications from geodynamics and related disciplines focusing on the structure and evolution of the Earth's crust and upper mantle.

Active fault systems record deformation across a wide range of spatial, temporal, and depth scales, from fault exposures and surface landforms to crustal structures, earthquake processes, and regional tectonic frameworks. Connecting these different scales is central to understanding how faults develop, interact, and accommodate deformation, and to building robust tectonic and seismotectonic models of active regions. Now in its fifth edition, this session provides an inclusive forum for the active-tectonics and seismotectonics community to present new observations, methodological developments and interpretations that advance our understanding of fault-system geometry, kinematics, evolution and seismogenic behaviour.
We welcome contributions ranging from detailed studies of individual faults and earthquake sequences to meso- and regional-scale investigations, across different tectonic regimes and geological settings, including volcanic and submarine environments. Field observations, structural geology, neotectonics, paleoseismology, tectonic geomorphology, remote sensing, geodesy, geophysics and seismology all provide complementary constraints on fault geometry and segmentation, slip rates, stress and strain fields, crustal deformation, fault interaction and tectonic evolution. Single-method studies, comparisons among techniques and multidisciplinary investigations are equally encouraged. The session welcomes contributions from researchers at all career stages, with particular encouragement to early-career scientists.
Particular interest is placed on studies that strengthen links between surface observations and fault geometry at seismogenic depth, connect deformation across different timescales, or place local fault behaviour within broader tectonic and seismotectonic frameworks. Numerical, analytical and analogue modelling, together with innovative computational approaches such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are also welcome where they support the analysis, integration or interpretation of active-tectonic and seismotectonic information.
By bringing together diverse observations, methods and scales, the session aims to stimulate exchange across disciplines and advance transferable, testable models of active fault systems, their evolution and their relationship with earthquake occurrence and seismic hazard.

Although less frequent, impactful moderate magnitude co-seismic surface rupturing earthquakes occur in intraplate and low strain regions, demonstrating that faults in those regions are capable of hosting moderate-size to large damaging earthquakes. Nonetheless, fault activity and seismicity are generally difficult to assess: at these settings, surface processes rates may erase or bury evidence, and deformation may also be accommodated by reactivation of exhumed older fault systems, generally with wide fault zones, favoring distributed brittle deformation within a previously deformed bedrock, thus masking subtle Quaternary deformation. Furthermore, sparse seismic and geodetic networks limit correlation of seismicity and surface deformation with structures.

Evidence for long-term deformation, provided through geomorphic analyses and detailed geologic and paleoseismologic studies combined with geochronology and geophysical data, are a key to recognize a built-in imprint of deformation through time, and to corroborate tectonic activity. These are crucial to reveal Quaternary cryptic structures, constrain regions with seismogenic potential and required to understand distributed Quaternary deformation. Short-term activity and deformation can be investigated using dense local seismic networks, which may further help to associate local instrumental seismicity with faults localization. Depending on the strain and period of observation, remote sensing and geodesy may also highlight noteworthy regions.

The global energy transition is driving unprecedented demand for critical and strategic raw materials such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. In Europe, the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) sets ambitious targets for domestic extraction and processing, and requires Member States to establish national exploration programmes, including geoscientific surveys, mineral mapping and geochemical campaigns. These programmes are generating a new wave of regional and national-scale geophysical datasets and renewing interest in the reinterpretation of legacy data. With most near-surface deposits in well-explored terranes already discovered, future discoveries will increasingly depend on our ability to image deeper, covered and geologically complex targets.
This session invites contributions on all aspects of geophysics applied to mineral exploration, from national to deposit scale. We welcome studies using potential field (gravity, magnetics), electromagnetic, magnetotelluric, induced polarisation, seismic, radiometric and borehole methods, as well as airborne, drone-based and passive-source approaches.
Contributions presenting results, strategies and lessons learned from national exploration programmes, as well as work on low-impact exploration, social acceptance, and secondary resources such as mine waste and tailings, are also welcome. The session aims to bring together academia, geological surveys and industry to discuss how geophysics can support a secure and sustainable supply of raw materials in Europe and worldwide.

Subduction zones host a broad spectrum of seismic and aseismic activity, from the largest earthquakes on Earth to slow-slip events (SSEs) and tectonic tremors. These processes occur along the shallow megathrust, within the subducting slab, and on faults within the overriding plate. Understanding how short-term deformation and earthquake-cycle processes interact with the long-term tectonic evolution of convergent margins remains challenging. Earthquake occurrence, rupture size, and slip behaviour are influenced by several interacting factors, including the thermal and mechanical states of the subducting and overriding plates, fault-zone friction and rheology, megathrust structure, stress interactions, and fluid transport.

We invite multidisciplinary contributions addressing the mechanics controlling seismicity and fault deformation in subduction-zone settings, focusing on, but not limited to, the following questions: (i) How do the multiscale architecture of the megathrust and interacting faults control the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity? (ii) How do rheological properties, stress interactions, and fluid and volatile transport govern transitions between different slip modes? (iii) Which physical processes produce the observed spectrum of coseismic and postseismic deformation? (iv) How do short-term earthquake-cycle processes interact with long-term tectonic processes in the subducting and overriding plates?

We encourage interdisciplinary contributions based on seismological, geodetic, geological, and other geophysical observations, as well as numerical and analogue modelling. By bringing together this broad range of disciplines and approaches, the session aims to assess the state of the art, identify current challenges, and discuss the coupling among processes operating across spatial and temporal scales, ultimately contributing to improved seismic and tsunami hazard assessment.

The Alpine-Mediterranean region is one of the world's most complex plate boundary systems where subduction, slab rollback, continental collision, back-arc extension, and lithospheric deformation coexist over relatively short spatial scales. Understanding the structure and dynamics of its lithosphere and upper mantle requires increasingly integrated geophysical observations and multidisciplinary interpretation.

Over the last decade, major observational initiatives such as AlpArray and AdriaArray, together with permanent seismic networks and complementary geophysical experiments, have substantially improved our ability to image the Mediterranean lithosphere and upper mantle at unprecedented resolution. At the same time, advances in seismic imaging, detection and location of seismic events, geodesy, gravity, magnetotellurics, field studies, tectonic reconstructions, petrology, mineral physics, and geodynamic modelling are providing new insights into the evolution and dynamics of this complex plate boundary system.

This session welcomes contributions that use integrated geophysical and geological observations and multidisciplinary approaches to investigate the structure, composition, evolution, and dynamics of the Alpine-Mediterranean lithosphere and mantle. Contributions addressing crustal architecture, lithosphere-asthenosphere interactions, slab geometry and evolution, mantle discontinuities, mantle flow, deformation processes, and links between deep Earth structure and surface tectonics are particularly welcome.

Cratons preserve some of Earth’s oldest continental crust and provide fundamental insights into the formation, stabilization, and dynamics of the early continents. Their emergence established long-lived, stable environments that may have influenced the development and persistence of early life. While many cratons survived since Archean, advances in seismic imaging, integrated with geochemical and geological observations suggests that some of them are modified or even destroyed in the recent past. While the mechanisms of destruction and modification remain debated, their destabilisation of the cratonic lithosphere may have disrupted deep lithospheric reservoirs, facilitating the release of volatiles into the atmosphere and establishing an important link between Earth’s deep interior, lithosphere, and atmosphere. This connection further emphasizes the economical significance of cratons, as the primary repository of diamonds and critical minerals essential for modern technologies, making their study central to the energy transition. For this session, we invite multidisciplinary contributions including but not limited to geodynamics, geochemistry, geology, seismology, and biogeodynamics. The focus is on investigating craton dynamics and its critical role in shaping Earth’s processes, from early planetary development to modern geological history.

The subduction plate interface is Earth's most dynamic plate boundary. It hosts the planet's largest earthquakes and tsunamis, drives global crustal recycling, and governs global volatile budgets through CO2 and H2O fluxes between the surface and deep mantle. Deciphering its physical, mechanical, and chemical processes is essential for mitigating geohazards and understanding Earth's geological evolution.
A decade after the conclusion of a multi-disciplinary initiative, namely the European ITN ZIP (Zooming In between Plates), the subduction community has experienced ten years of rapid observational, technological and methodological advances. High-density geodetic and seismic networks, advanced marine geophysics, high-pressure rock deformation experiments, high-precision isotopic geochronology, 3D and 4D seismo-thermo-mechanical numerical models, as well as seismotectonic analogue models have fundamentally reshaped how we view the boundary between converging plates.
Despite past advancements, several key questions remain: how do transient rheologies interact to control megathrust earthquake nucleation, rupture propagation, and post-seismic relaxation? What governs the multi-scale spatial and temporal transitions from creep to seismic slip? How does mechanical mixing and stacking of tectonic slivers within the subduction channel alter mass and fluid fluxes from the shallow seismogenic zone down to the sub-arc mantle wedge?
Marking 10 years since the conclusion of the ZIP network, this session aims to review a decade of progress, to assess open questions, and to identify new directions in subduction interface research. We invite contributions from a broad, international pool of geoscientists from various disciplines.

The Tethyan Belt is the most prominent collisional zone on Earth, covering the vast area between far eastern Asia and Europe. The geological-tectonic evolution of the belt shows along-strike heterogeneity between its various regions, including the Indo-Burman Range, the Tibetan-Himalayan region, the Iranian Plateau, Anatolia and the Alps. The Tethyan Belt is the result of the subduction of the Tethyan Oceans, including significant terrane amalgamation, and collisional tectonics along the whole belt. The belt is today strongly affected by the ongoing convergence and collision between the Eurasian, African, Arabian and Indian plates. The long formation history and the variability of tectonic characteristics and deep structures of the belt make it a natural laboratory for understanding the accretion processes that have shaped the Earth through its history and have led to the formation of vast resources in the crust. A major role in the evolution of life by the Tethyan evolution has also been proposed.

We invite contributions based on geological, tectonic, geophysical and geodynamic studies of the Tethyan Belt. We particularly invite interdisciplinary studies, which integrate observational data and interpretations based on a variety of methods. This session will include contributions on the whole suite of studies of the Tethyan Belt with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of its formation and evolution.

Dynamical processes shape the Earth and other rocky planets throughout their history; their present state is a result of this long-term evolution. Early on, processes and lifetimes of magma oceans establish the initial conditions for their long-term development; subsequently their long-term evolution is shaped by the dynamics of the mantle-lithosphere system, compositional differentiation or mixing, possible core-mantle reactions, interaction with their fluid envelopes through outgassing and regassing, etc.. These processes can be interrogated through observations of the rock record, geochemistry, seismology, gravity, magnetism and planetary remote sensing all linked through geodynamical modelling constrained by physical properties of relevant phases.

This session aims to provide a holistic view of the dynamics, tectonics, structure, composition and evolution of Earth and rocky planetary bodies (including exoplanets) on temporal scales ranging from the present day to billions of years, and on spatial scales ranging from microscopic to global, by bringing together constraints from geodynamics, seismology, mineral physics, geochemistry, petrology, volcanology, planetary science and astronomy.