Poaching remains one of the most pervasive and elusive drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide, yet its impacts extend beyond ecological disruption, influencing ecosystem functioning and posing risks to human health. Many endangered species have reached this status largely due to poaching and wildlife trafficking. This session will address the challenges of measuring poaching intensity and developing indicators that capture its direct and indirect effects on biodiversity and zoonotic disease dynamics. Integrative approaches combining in situ data, socioeconomic contexts and drivers, remote sensing, community-based monitoring, and forensic tools to quantify hunting pressure and its consequences will be welcomed, alongside discussions on methodological advances, data governance, and the development of standardized biodiversity and health metrics. The session aims to contribute towards the design of global biodiversity observation systems and indicator frameworks that support evidence-based conservation strategies and policy interventions at multiple scales.