Mantle convection beneath East Asia under global mantle convection spherical framework

East Asia is a tectonically active area on earth and has a complicated lithospheric deformation due to the western Indo-Asian continental collision and the eastern oceanic subduction mainly from Pacific plate. Till now, mantle dynamics beneath this area is not well understood due to its complex mantle structure, especially in the framework of global spherical mantle convection. Hence, a series of numerical models are conducted in this study to reveal the key controlling parameters in shaping the present-day observed mantle structure beneath East Asia under 3-D global mantle flow models. Global mantle flow models with coarse mesh are firstly applied to give a rough constraint on global mantle convection. The detailed description of upper mantle dynamics of East Asia is left with regional refined mesh. A power-law rheology and absolute plate field are applied subsequently to get a better constraint on the related regional mantle rheological structure and surficial boundary conditions. Thus, the refined and reasonable velocity and stress distributions of upper mantle beneath East Asia at different depths are retrieved based on our 3-D global mantle flow simulations. The derived large shallow mantle flow beneath the Tibetan Plateau causes significant lithospheric shear drag and dynamic topography that result in prominent tectonic evolution of this area. And the Indo–Asian collision may have induced mantle flow beneath the Indian plate and the different velocity structures between the asthenosphere and lithosphere indicate the shear drag of asthenospheric mantle. That may explain the reason that Indo–Asian collision has occurred for 50 Ma, and this collision can still continue to accelerate uplift in the Tibetan plateau. Finally, we also consider the possible implementations of 3-D numerical simulations combined with global lithosphere and deep mantle dynamics so as to discuss the relevant influences.