Southeast Asian anthropogenic emission changes: An analysis from regional and global emission inventories

In ASEAN (Southeast Asia) countries, anthropogenic emissions have increased significantly over the last two decades from a variety of sources, including power and heating, industries, road-transportation, residential, and agricultural activities. In this study, we analyzed different emission inventories (i.e., MICS-Asia, REAS, EDGAR) to provide the integrated emissions for ASEAN during the period 2000-2010. The study found that anthropogenic emission contribution from ASEAN countries to the total Asian emission was notable during that period. For instance, from the MIX-Asian EI, our analysis shows that the average contribution was the highest from the transportation sector (34%), followed by residential (29%), power (24%), and industrial sector (14%), respectively in 2010. However, similar to the sector-specific emission contribution in 2000 in ASEAN countries, residential sector was the most significant contributor for CO (53%), PM10 (48%), PM2.5 (63%), BC (76%), OC (79%) in 2010, although it is in decreasing trend compared to other sectors. On the contrary, emission contribution of SO2 was the highest from the industrial sector (47%), followed by power (36%), while NOx and NMVOC were contributed mainly by transportation sector (55% and 45%, respectively). Spatially, the emission intensities of SO2, CO, NOx, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, and CO2 were high in the major urban cities of Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia except CH4, N2O, and NH3, which were high in the rural areas of ASEAN countries.