Anthropogenic lithium in river and tap water

During the last two decades, the use of lithium (Li) has dramatically increased due to the proliferation of mobile electronic devices and the diversification of electric-powered vehicles. While Li can exert a toxic effect on living organisms and human beings, few studies have investigated the impact of anthropogenic inputs on Li content in the environment. Here we report Li concentrations and Li isotope compositions of river, waste and tap water, and industrial products from the metropolitan city of Seoul. Results show that the large increase in population density in Seoul is accompanied by a large enrichment in riverine Li content and that Li isotopes evidence a major release from Li-rich industrial products. Water treatment protocols are also shown to be inefficient for Li. Our study therefore highlights the need for a global Li survey and adequate solutions for minimizing their impact on ecosystems and city dwellers.