Growing multicentennial-scale precipitation variability in Eastern Brazil during the late Holocene

Eastern Brazil belongs to the ecologically most vulnerable regions on Earth due to its extreme intra- and inter-annual variability in precipitation amount. In order to constrain the driving forces behind this strong natural fluctuations we investigated a high-resolution sediment core taken off the Jequitinhonha river mouth in central E Brazil to reconstruct Holocene river run-off and moisture availability in the river’s catchment. Modern day climate in the hinterland of the Jequitinhonha is influenced by the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM), in particular by the manifestation of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) during austral summer. Variations in the position and strength of the SACZ will have immediate impact on the moisture balance over the continent and hence influence sediment and water delivery. Our multi-proxy records, comprising XRF core-scanning, grain size, mineralogical (XRD), as well as organic biomarker analyses indicate abrupt centennial scale variations between dry and wet conditions throughout the past ~5 kyrs. Our results document a gradual weakening of the SASM over the past ~2,7 kyrs driven by changes in the intertropical heat distribution. This long-term trend is superposed by centennial to millennial-scale spatial shifts in moisture distribution that result from migrations of the SACZ. The combination of both processes caused increasingly pronounced aridity spells in eastern South America over the past 2 kyrs. As the spatial fluctuations were triggered by freshwater anomalies in the North Atlantic, we surmise that enhanced meltwater input into the North Atlantic due to future global warming might severely increase the risk for mega-droughts in tropical South America.