Particle energisation and transport at collisionless shocks propagating through turbulent media.

Shocks and turbulence are spectacular, ubiquitous phenomena and are crucial ingredients to understand the production and transport of energetic particles in several astrophysical systems. The interaction between an oblique, supercritical shock and fully developed plasma turbulence is here investigated by means of kinetic simulations, for different turbulence amplitudes. The role of pre-existing, upstream turbulence on plasma transport is addressed using a novel technique, relying on the coarse-graining of the Vlasov equation. We find that the upstream transport properties strongly depend on upstream turbulence strength, with patterns modulated by the presence of turbulent structures. These results are relevant for a variety of systems, ranging from the Earth's bow shock interacting with solar wind turbulence, to the largest scales of radio relics in galaxy clusters.