A new Python package to estimate hydraulic and poroelastic groundwater properties using standard pressure records

Determining subsurface hydraulic and geomechanical properties crucially underpins groundwater resource investigation and management. While standard practice relies on active testing, passive approaches require less effort and cost but are underutilised. We present the new Python package named HydroGeoSines (HGS) which quantifies hydraulic and poroelastic subsurface properties using the groundwater response to natural forces (such as Earth tides and atmospheric pressure changes) embedded in standard measurements. All implemented methods are drawn from the peer-reviewed literature. The package includes basic handling of time series, such as joining and aligning records and handling gaps. HGS uses standard atmospheric and groundwater pressure records to estimate the Barometric Response Function (BRF) groundwater state of confinement, hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, barometric efficiency (BE) and porosity. If Earth tides are required, they can be calculated on-the-fly using the PyGTide package which is based on ETERNA and included. HGS allows easy compensation and correction of pressure or hydraulic heads from barometric pressure or Earth tide influences. Further, HGS includes import from and export to common data formats as well as visualisation of data and results. We demonstrate the use of HGS using example datasets from around the world. Since HGS unlocks sophisticated methods for use by anyone with Python skills, we anticipate that it will support subsurface investigations and add value to standard monitoring practice.