Can instabilities work in a turbulent plasma and if so, what conditions are needed for instabilities to act?

The solar wind is a continuous outflow of plasma from the Sun, which expands into the space between the planets in our solar system and forms the heliosphere. The solar wind is inherently turbulent and characterised by kinetic micro-instabilities on a range of scales.  Large-scale compressions (ubiquitous in solar-wind turbulence) create conditions for proton, alpha-particle and electron micro-instabilities, which transfer energy to small-scale fluctuations. These instabilities are driven by various sources of free energy (e.g. particle beams, differential flows, heat fluxes, temperature anisotropies) and make a significant contribution to the fluctuation spectrum at kinetic scales, where energy dissipation occurs. This presentation investigates the occurrence and the behaviour of kinetic instabilities in turbulent space plasmas with particular emphasis on the conditions necessary for instabilities to act.

We consider instabilities driven by proton temperature anisotropy in the turbulent solar wind by using statistical methods to analyse the Solar Orbiter data and characterise the turbulence at the relevant scales and amplitude. We compare theoretical calculations with the high-resolution data available from the Solar Orbiter MAG and SWA instruments. From this analysis we infer conditions that are necessary for instabilities to act in a turbulent plasma and demonstrate how these conditions relate to the assumptions that underpin theoretical analyses at kinetic scales. We will also introduce the next steps in this research, including the modelling and quantification of energy transfer processes at kinetic scales with particular reference to scaling law behaviours in the turbulent solar wind.