Surface energy balance and sublimation of the winter snow cover at 4863 m a.s.l. on Chhota Shigri Glacier moraine (western Himalaya, India) between 2009 and 2020

Surface energy balance (SEB) is the most comprehensive way to explain the atmosphere-glacier interactions but requires extensive data. We analyse an 11-year (2009-2020) record of the meteorological dataset from an automatic weather station installed at 4863 m a.s.l., on a lateral moraine of the Chhota Shigri Glacier in the western Himalaya. The study was carried out over the winter months (December to April) to understand the SEB drivers and snow sublimation. Further, we examine the role of cloud cover on SEB and turbulent heat fluxes. The turbulent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic method, including stability corrections. The net short-wave radiation is the primary energy source. However, a significant amount of energy is dissipated by the turbulent heat fluxes. The cloud cover plays an important role in limiting the incoming short-wave radiation by up to 75%. It also restricts the turbulent heat fluxes by around 50%, consequently less snow sublimation. During the winter period, turbulent latent heat flux contributed the largest (63%) in the total SEB, followed by net all-wave radiation (29%) and sensible heat flux (8%). Dry air, along with the high snow surface temperature and wind speed, favours sublimation. We also observe that strong and cold winds, possibly through mid-latitude western disturbances, impede sublimation by bringing high moisture content in the region and cooling the snow surface. The estimated snow sublimation fraction is 18 to 42% of the total winter snowfall at the study site, indicating that the snow sublimation is an essential parameter in the surface mass balance and hydrological modelling at the high mountain Himalayan catchments.