Morphometric fingerprinting of submarine canyon and channel processes revealed by time-lapse bathymetric surveys from the Congo Fan

Submarine canyons and channels include the largest sediment transport systems on our planet. They are an important transport pathway for sediment, organic carbon, nutrients and pollutants to the deep sea. However, it is challenging to study these submarine locations, especially larger systems on the deep seafloor, and they remain poorly understood. Here we use the first extensive time-lapse bathymetric surveys of the Congo Submarine Fan (offshore West Africa), one of the largest submarine fans in the world. Channel-modifying processes (such as landslides, avulsions and knickpoints) are identified by comparing new high-resolution bathymetric data from 2019 to lower-resolution bathymetric data collected between 1992 and 1998, along a 475 km section of the Congo submarine system. These channel-modifying processes leave a specific fingerprint in morphometric characteristics (e.g., bed slope, width, cross-sectional flow area, sinuosity, levee slope and height) that are automatically extracted with a Matlab script from the bathymetric data. This work has the important implication that the identification of channel-modifying processes can be based on a single bathymetric survey, and does not require repeated surveys. In the upstream part of the Congo Canyon, a re-analysis of bathymetric data collected between 1992 and 1998 reveals a previously unnoticed channel-blocking landslide, which is of similar magnitude to a more recent landslide observed from the repeated surveys with a volume of ~0.4 km³. This observation of additional landslides supports the concept that the upstream canyon is morphologically defined by flank collapses, which can locally block the channel and store material for extended periods of time. In the intermediate channel part of the Congo Fan, avulsions already identified in previous work are demonstrated to leave a specific fingerprint within the morphometric characteristics such as a change in levee slope. In the most distal and youngest part of the Congo submarine channel, upstream migrating knickpoints are dominant and are shown to also leave a specific fingerprint in morphometric characteristics. These findings can underpin efficient searches for submarine canyon and channel processes in other systems, and provide new insights into how turbidity currents flush sediment into the deep-sea.