Global Hall MHD simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere: Formation and properties of flux transfer events (FTEs) under different solar wind conditions

Mercury possesses a miniature but dynamic magnetosphere driven primarily by the solar wind through magnetic reconnection. A prominent feature of the dayside magnetopause reconnection that has been frequently observed is flux transfer events (FTEs), which are thought to be an important player in driving the global convection at Mercury. Using the BATSRUS Hall MHD model with coupled planetary interior, we have conducted a series of high-resolution global simulations to investigate the generation and characteristics of FTEs under different solar wind Alfvénic Mach numbers (M_A) and IMF orientations. In all simulations driven by steady upstream conditions, FTEs are formed quasi-periodically with recurrence time ranging from 2 to 9 seconds, and their characteristics vary in time as they evolve and interact with the surrounding plasma and magnetic field. Our statistical analysis of the simulated FTEs reveals that the key properties of FTEs, including spatial size, traveling speed and core field strength, all exhibit notable dependence on the solar wind M_A and IMF orientation, and the trends identified from the simulations are generally consistent with previous MESSENGER observations. It is also found that FTEs formed in the simulations contribute a significant portion of the total open flux created at the dayside magnetopause that participates in the global circulation, suggesting that FTEs indeed play an important role in driving the Dungey cycle at Mercury.