A Critical Analysis of Optimal Fingerprinting Methods for Climate Change through the Lens of Linear Response Theory

Detection and attribution studies have played a major role in shaping contemporary climate science and have provided key motivations supporting global climate policy negotiations. The goal of such studies is to associate observed climatic patterns of climate change with acting forcings - both anthropogenic and natural ones - with the goal of making statements on the acting drivers of climate change. The statistical inference is usually performed using regression methods referred to as optimal fingerprinting. We show here how a fairly general formulation of linear response theory relevant for nonequilibrium systems provides the physical and mathematical foundations behind the optimal fingerprinting approach for the climate change detection and attribution problem. Our angle allows one to clearly frame assumptions, strengths and potential pitfalls of the method.