The propagation and 3D VHF polarization properties of recoil leaders

Lightning dart and recoil leaders are difficult to understand, as they have a different (often smoother) propagation mode than stepped leaders, and re-ionize a previously ionized channel. In order to understand them better, we have imaged recoil leaders with the LOFAR radio telescope (30-80 MHz), and will present 3D polarization, speed, and intensity data from multiple recoil leaders. We will show that many recoil leaders with high VHF intensity have VHF polarization that is very parallel to the recoil leader channel, with an opening angle as small as 15 degrees. Recoil leaders with lower VHF intensity have larger polarization opening angles, but it is not clear if this is physical or instrumental. In addition, VHF emission from recoil leaders comes from a sub-meter thin channel. Finally, we will show that the propagation speed and VHF intensity are strongly correlated; almost following a power-law or exponential relationship. These results probe the streamer behavior of recoil leaders, and thus provide significant clues to how recoil and dart leaders propagate. The fact that recoil leaders are very VHF thin is consistent with small polarization opening angles, and demonstrates that recoil leaders have significant streamer activity in their core and their corona sheath is VHF silent. The power-law/exponential relationship between speed and VHF intensity, however, is very difficult to explain.