Linking aerosol size distribution and hygroscopicity to cloud droplet formation at an Arctic mountain site

The regulation of energy transfer by clouds and fog is a key process affecting the climate of the Arctic, a region that exhibits frequent cloud cover and suffers an extreme vulnerability to climate change. Measurements were performed over a whole year at the Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway from October 2019 to October 2020 in the framework of the NASCENT campaign (Ny-Ålesund AeroSol Cloud ExperimeNT). Aiming at a better understanding of the susceptibility of cloud droplet formation, we analyzed particle number size distributions obtained from differential mobility particle sizers and chemical composition derived from filter samples and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Combined with updraft velocity information from a wind lidar and an ultrasonic anemometer, the data were used as input parameters for a state-of-the-art cloud droplet formation parameterization to investigate the particle sizes that can activate to cloud droplets, the levels of supersaturation as well as potential cloud droplet formation and its susceptibility to aerosol. We showed that low aerosol levels in fall and early winter led to clouds that are formed under an aerosol-limited regime, while higher particle concentrations centered around the Arctic Haze together with a drop in cloud supersaturation could be linked to periods of updraft velocity-limited cloud formation regime. In the latter case, we observed that the maximum number of cloud droplets forming - also called the limiting droplet number - and the updraft velocity follow a relationship that is universal, as proved by similar studies previously performed in different environments and cloud types. Finally, we successfully performed a droplet closure, proving, for the first time, the ability of our cloud droplet parameterization to predict cloud droplet number not only in liquid clouds but also in mixed-phase clouds with a very high degree of glaciation. This closure suggests that rime splintering may not be significant enough to affect droplet concentrations, which is consistent with previous observations and model simulations.