Exploring hemispheric tectonics on tidally locked super-Earths

Many super-Earths are very close-in to their host star and are therefore likely to be tidally locked. Tidally locked super-Earths experience intense solar heating on their permanent dayside, whereas the nightside surface can reach extremely cold temperatures. For the case of super-Earth LHS 3844b, a bare-rock super-Earth with a radius around 1.3 Earth radii, we have shown that this strong contrast between the dayside and nightside surface temperature can lead to a so-called hemispheric tectonic regime. Such a regime is characterised by a strong downwelling on one hemisphere and upwellings that rise on the other side. We further define hemispheric tectonics as a special case of degree-1 convection (one upwelling and one downwelling), where the downwelling gets pinned to either the dayside or nightside and upwellings are preferentially on the other hemisphere.  

Here, we focus on super-Earth GJ 486b, which has also a radius around 1.3 Earth radii, but for which it is unknown whether it was able to retain an atmosphere. We investigate how different surface temperature contrasts affects the likelihood of hemispheric tectonics.  
For this, we run 2D geodynamic simulations of the interior mantle flow using the mantle convection code StagYY. The models are fully compressible with an Arrhenius-type viscosity law where the mantle is mostly composed of perovskite and post-perovskite. The lithospheric strength is modelled through a plastic yielding criterion and the models are basally heated. We use general circulation models (GCMs) of potential atmospheres to constrain the surface temperature assuming different efficiencies of atmospheric heat circulation. We find that degree-1 convection is a consequence of the strong lithosphere, while hemispheric tectonics is favoured for strong surface temperature contrasts between the dayside and nightside, and higher surface temperatures. 

Our results show that hemispheric tectonics or degree-1 convection could operate on super-Earth GJ 486b (or other tidally locked super-Earths), even if the surface temperature contrast between the dayside and nightside is not as strong as for LHS 3844b. Upwellings that rise preferentially on one hemisphere could lead to generation of melt and subsequent outgassing of volatiles on that side. Imprints of such outgassing on the atmospheric composition could possibly be probed by current and future observations such as JWST, ARIEL, or the ELT.