Frequency of winter temperature extremes over Eurasia dominated by variabilities over the Atlantic Ocean

 Widespread observed and projected increases in warm extremes, along with decreases in cold extremes, have been confirmed as being consistent with global and regional warming. However, based on observational datasets and state-of-the-art CMIP6 model simulations, we disclose that the decadal variation in the frequency of the surface air temperature (SAT) extremes over mid- to high latitudes over Eurasia (MHEA) in winter is primarily dominated by the thermodynamical effect of the surface heat fluxes release over the midlatitude North Atlantic induced by Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), which even masks the dynamical large-scale Rossby wave propagation. Besides, the stronger Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) gives rise to both warm and cold extremes through increasing the variance of winter SAT over MHEA due to thermodynamical heat release and enhanced dynamical Rossby wave propagation.