Phase-Locking between precipitation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation over northern South America

We study phase-locking between the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation at inter-annual time scales over northern South America. To this end, we characterize the seasonality of the regional patterns of sea surface temperature, surface pressure levels, and precipitation anomalies associated with the states of the canonical ENSO. We find that the positive (negative) precipitation anomalies experienced in northern South America differ from those previously reported in the literature in some continental regions. In particular, the Orinoco Low-level Jet corridor separates two regions with negative (positive) rainfall anomalies during El Niño (La Niña), which are located in the Guianas (northeastern Amazon) and the Caribbean. Moreover, we show that the ENSO signal is phase-locked with the inter-annual rainfall variability in most of the study regions although some areas exhibit phase-locking without a significant change in the anomalies of precipitation. This suggests that ENSO could induce changes only in terms of phases and not so in terms of magnitude. This work provides new insights into the non-linear interactions between ENSO and hydro-climatic processes over the tropical Americas.