Consequences of the spatial configuration of Carbon Dioxide Removal for its potential to withdraw atmospheric CO2

At the current decarbonization rate, we are set on a path towards re-shaping a substantial share of land for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) over the following decades. However, existing Earth system models which could help to quantify the character of resulting CDR side effects and their consequences for the cumulative CO₂ removal do not yet resolve dynamic CDR cover in space. Here, we embark on shedding light on this CDR uncertainty space, scrutinizing CDR impacts in spatial simulations with a comprehensive Earth system model. Assuming CDR to be driven by solar irradiation in the style of photovoltaics, our model is the first to simulate an idealized approach to land-based CDR with its physical, biospheric, and land use couplings on a grid box scale. We analyze dynamic CDR simulations for spatial deployment scenarios according to the country-wise burden of past CO₂ emissions, to livelihood constraints, and to optimal irradiation conditions. Shared socio-economic pathways drive the overall global CDR use for a range of potential future emission scenarios. Aside from these spatio-temporal scenarios, the simulations also cover different ways of releasing excess energy from the solar-to-carbon conversion, permitting either local cooling through carbon storage, heat dissipation resulting from system losses or co-benefits for energy production. Based on simulation ensembles for the different scenarios, we quantify Earth system impacts of CDR and their consequences for CO₂ removal if grid-scale feedbacks are properly resolved. With new spatially resolved CDR representations in Earth system models we will be able to test CDR-induced Earth system dynamics and CDR promises in greater detail than with existing globally forced projections. This spatially explicit modeling strategy could also open a way toward more comprehensive modeling strategies which include consequences for land use decisions on CDR.