Transmission of foreshock waves through Earth's bow shock

The foreshock, extending upstream of the quasi-parallel shock and populated with shock-reflected particles, is home to intense wave activity in the ultra-low frequency range. The most commonly observed of these waves are the '30-second' waves, fast magnetosonic waves propagating sunward in the plasma rest frame, but carried earthward by the faster solar wind flow. These waves are thought to be the main source of Pc3 magnetic pulsations (10-45 s periods) in the dayside magnetosphere, but how the waves can transmit through the bow shock and across the magnetosheath had remained unclear. Global hybrid-Vlasov simulations performed with the Vlasiator model provide us with the global view of foreshock wave transmission across near-Earth space. We find that the foreshock waves modulate the plasma parameters just upstream of the bow shock, which in turn periodically changes the shock compression ratio and the downstream pressure. This launches fast-mode waves propagating through the magnetosheath all the way to the magnetopause, where they can further transmit into the dayside magnetosphere. We compare our numerical results with MMS observations near the subsolar point, where we identify earthward-propagating fast-mode waves at the same period as the foreshock waves, consistent with our simulation results. Our findings show that the wave propagation across the bow shock is much more complex than the simple direct transmission of the foreshock waves which was inferred in early studies.