Effects of Cumulus and Radiation Parameterization on Summer Surface Air Temperature over Eastern China

Cloud-radiation process has strong impacts on surface air temperature (SAT). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, this study investigates the effects of cumulus and radiation parameterization on SAT simulation over Eastern China (EC) during the summer season from 2001 to 2020. Four experiments are performed at a 30 km resolution using the combination of two cumulus schemes (KF and KF-CUP) and two radiation schemes (CAM and RRTMG). The results indicate that the KF and RRTMG scheme can produce warmer SAT than KF-CUP and CAM, respectively. By decomposing the differences in SAT simulation, it is found that KF and RRTMG have greater surface downward shortwave radiation (DSR), and the DSR shows a significant positive correlation with SAT in most parts of EC. Further analysis reveals that low-level cloud (LC) can strongly reflect the DSR, and the LC fraction (LCF) of KF and RRTMG is less than that of KF-CUP and CAM, respectively. The reason for this phenomenon is that the sub-grid cumulus heating rate is higher in KF and RRTMG, resulting in their higher air temperature (T) and greater differences between T and dew point (T_d), which is not conducive to the formation of large-scale stratiform cloud and the increase of LCF. As a result, KF and RRTMG have more DSR and higher SAT than KF-CUP and CAM, respectively. The same mechanism can also explain the differences in the sub-seasonal cycle simulations between the four experiments. By comparing the SAT error in each subregion, this study can also provide a reference for future dynamic downscaling over the EC region.