Rift Initiation via Unstable Basal Crevasses

Ice shelves, the floating extensions of ice sheets, can reduce the rate of sea level rise by buttressing the upstream grounded ice. However, calving, or the fracturing that creates icebergs, can cut out regions that were resisting flow, and allow for increased ice flux and thus sea level contribution. In this work, I focus on the transition from basal crevasses, or seawater-filled fractures on the bottom surface, to full thickness fractures called rifts. Using RACMO ice shelf surface temperatures and holding the ice-ocean interface at -2℃, I find good agreement between observed rifts on the Larsen C and Ross Ice Shelves and rifts predicted to evolve from basal crevasses through 2D Mode I Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). I also explore the influence of ice shelf geometry in rift formation by solving the Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) equations for idealized ice shelves with COMSOL’s Finite Element Analysis software. Using the stress field outputs with LEFM’s rift initiation criteria, I find qualitative agreement in the rift orientation between the predicted unstable basal crevasses and the observed rifts on the left margin of Pine Island Ice Shelf.