To understand, predict and mitigate climate change, it is crucial to have long-term and standardised measurements of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and their fluxes between atmosphere, land and oceans. The Integrated Carbon Observation System, is a distributed European Research Infrastructure which provides high-precision and highly standardised observations from more than 170 stations  from three domains: Atmosphere, Ecosystem and Ocean. ICOS covers currently 16 European countries.  All ICOS data is made available by the ICOS Carbon Portal, first in near-real time (within 24h when possible), and after further quality control as domain specific annual releases. The data flow follows the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles.

ICOS data have shown the importance of sustainable long-term observations to understand inter-annual variations, trends and extreme events. They show climate and antropogenic feedback on the carbon cycle and ecosystem-specific responses to disturbances. ICOS data are very useful for good practise guidelines on maintaining or enhancing ecosystem carbon sinks and, thus, might also be an important tool for monitoring and verifying respective policies. Further societal impact is generated by using ICOS data for verification of fossil fuel emission reductions and guiding cities towards climate neutrality.

How to cite: Kutsch, W. L. and the ICOS Research Infrastructure Team: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) - Standardised observations for science and societies, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9870, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9870, 2023.

Peatlands occupy 12% of the UK territory and can store large amounts of carbon (C). However, drainage, peat extraction, and other management activities have turned these ecosystems into greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. Currently, peatlands account for ~ 4% of the UK’s total annual GHG emissions. Eddy covariance is considered the best method to measure landscape scale GHG exchange (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O), between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Recently many flux towers have been installed on UK peatlands under different land-use and in different condition, with some undergoing restoration. In total there are currently 30 operating, with 9 in Scotland (SCO2FLUX managed by The James Hutton Institute, JHI) and 21 across England, Wales and Northern Ireland (managed by UKCEH), including the Auchencorth Moss ICOS site. As part of the projects, NERC-MOTHERSHIP and SRC-CENTREPEAT, these peatland sites are being harmonised into a network. The data is being analysed using standard protocols in order to generate a powerful dataset to examine the exchange of CO₂ and CH₄ over UK peatlands. Some of the topics being investigated are: the spatial and temporal variability of emissions for all peatland classifications; the main drivers and controlling mechanisms of GHG exchange, such as the effect of water table depth on gas exchange and restoration impacts (e.g. raising water levels in agricultural peatlands); the value and effectiveness of restoration techniques (e.g. the timeline of recovery in the transition from forest to bog); improving the modelling of peatlands in JULES and other land-surface models; ground-proofing data for Earth observation techniques; assessing the contribution of peatlands to achieving net zero; examining the impact of wildfire on restoration from forest to bog.

An overview of the network of sites and some highlights of the analysis to date will be presented.

How to cite: Coyle, M., Morrison, R., Artz, R., Johnson-Marshall, A., and Cash, J. and the UK GHG FluxNet: UK GHG Flux Network – Peatlands, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14987, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14987, 2023.

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European Research Infrastructure with the goal to monitor the greenhouse gas balance of Europe. The terrestrial component of the infrastructure consists of a network of more than 100 flux towers that continuously measure the exchange of greenhouse gases between the atmosphere and the ecosystem by using the eddy covariance technique. To interpret these fluxes a whole suite of other parameters that describe the state of the vegetation are measured. The Ecosystem Thematic Center (ETC) is coordinating the ecosystem network providing assistance with instruments and methods, testing and developing new measurement techniques and associated processing algorithms; also ensuring a high level of data standardization, uncertainty analysis and database services in coordination with the ICOS Carbon Portal. This presentation will give a brief overview of the vegetation-related parameters that are measured within the ecosystem network following standard methods and discuss some new methods that have been tested and introduced. For example a campaign with Terrestrial Laser Scanning was performed at a subset of forest stations to examine the potential to estimate above ground biomass from the gathered point clouds. More recently, below-canopy PAR measurements were introduced at the forest stations to estimate Plant Area Index (PAI) in addition to estimates from Digital Hemispherical Photography. This new method shows to be less sensitive to specific light conditions, less labor intensive and has the advantage of creating continuous time series which will be very valuable for validation of remote sensing products. First results of a cross comparison between both methods at several ICOS stations will be shown and discussed during the presentation.

How to cite: Gielen, B., Op de Beeck, M., Nicolini, G., Sabbatini, S., Michilsens, F., Trotta, C., Iserbyt, A., and Papale, D.: Latest developments in the long-term monitoring of vegetation characteristics in the ICOS ecosystem network., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13737, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13737, 2023.

ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) is a Research Infrastructure aiming at getting a deeper understanding of the European Carbon balance by means of a network of monitoring stations, based on eddy covariance (EC) technique, spread out all over the European Continent, and continuously expanding. The Ecosystem Thematic Centre (ETC) coordinates the activities of ecosystem stations to ensure high-precision datasets and standardisation. The so-called Labelling procedure is made of two steps, conceived to guide the candidate stations to get the official ICOS label: the Step 1 is focused on the sensors’ setup and is structured as a discussion between the ETC and the station teams, while the Step 2 concerns the practical build-up of the station and the data evaluation. For stations with the stricter standards (so-called Class 1 and Class 2), some quality tests on the data are included: one on the EC data quality, two on the representativeness of the measured EC fluxes and one on the representativeness of the ancillary plots.

Currently 58 of 86 candidate stations completed the labelling procedure, of which 30 Class 1 and 2. The more common fixes agreed in Step 1 are changes in sonic orientation and height or location, to better deal with fetch and canopy inhomogeneities. In Step 2, apart from increasing the signal resolution and fixing some metadata, a further correction of the location/height of the sensors led to solving the remaining problems. Overall, two thirds of the stations passed the three EC tests at the first try (all the wetlands, 74% of the forests, 33% of the crops), pointing at the efficiency of the Step 1 evaluations, while the remaining ten didn’t pass one or more of the two other EC tests, testifying that some issues are only discoverable from proper data analysis. About one third of the stations didn’t pass the ancillary representativeness test, all of them over forests: the most common solution was to add or move one or more plots.

The results support the common knowledge that more complex ecosystems - not uniform canopy geometries, fast growing vegetation - are more likely to be affected by some data quality issue. This constitutes a crucial warning to researchers and technicians in the direction of properly considering the station characteristics when planning its setup and sampling design, as well as continuously checking the data produced, to ensure the production of high-precision datasets.

How to cite: Sabbatini, S., Nicolini, G., Gielen, B., Op de Beeck, M., Michilsens, F., Iserbyt, A., Loustau, D., Lafont, S., Loubet, B., Canfora, E., Polidori, D., Ribeca, A., and Papale, D.: High-precision datasets from monitoring stations based on eddy covariance measurements: what six years of quality evaluation process of ICOS ecosystem stations have to tell, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16343, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16343, 2023.

The storage change term is calculated to account for the CO₂ accumulation in the air column underneath the eddy covariance system when calculating net surface exchange. The rigorous form requires continuous measurements in space and time. Historically, a standard approximation was to measure CO₂ concentrations solely at one point, the eddy covariance system measurement height. Since the storage term can contribute significantly to annual fluxes, e.g., the Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO₂, other methods have been investigated, such as the vertically distributed measurements within a profile system.

This work aims at providing a physically sound storage change calculation method for long-term atmospheric stations such as ICOS. Additionally, the extrapolation to historical time series brings the possibility to correct the storage term when only the one-point measurements were available.

We used one year of eddy covariance and profile system data collected in the Sorø temperate forest in Denmark and compared different methods to calculate the storage change. We compared the top tower measurements with the results from the vertical profile system. We also considered the temporal resolution by contrasting two methods to average the samples: subtracting the end and beginning concentrations as the first method and using the times series linear regression slope as the second. We highlighted the effects on annual budgets, surface fluxes, and the interactions with other turbulence-driven variables, namely the friction velocity and the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations.

These results are thus relevant for high canopies and other landscapes investigated with tall towers, where the storage change is expected to impact the annual budgets considerably.

How to cite: Gorlenko, A. and Ibrom, A.: Improving the CO2 storage measurements in a tall temperate forest, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6139, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6139, 2023.

The State of California is moving towards sustainable groundwater management and carbon neutrality goals. We aim to answer questions of importance to sustainable agricultural practices, in particular how to: (1) decrease unnecessary water losses from evapotranspiration (ET), (2) increase carbon sequestration, and (3) enhance overall water use efficiency. While implementing our cooperative extension program in Biometeorology, we deployed eddy covariance systems on flux towers placed on numerous farms to directly measure net water and carbon exchange between different agricultural crops and the atmosphere. Currently, we are simultaneously running up to twenty of these flux towers on any day of the year to address the seasonality of carbon and water cycling with innovative agricultural practices. Some of the most urgent questions posed by local communities, commodity boards, state agencies, NGOs and private corporations are mainly related to water use by different agricultural landscapes, but carbon fluxes are increasingly gaining attention as well. In order to explore these questions, our network of towers spans the entire Central Valley from northern California rice fields (that are increasingly being fallowed for water transfers), to the southern part of the state where transferred water is being used for perennial crops. Although some data and measurements are reported on the ET of California crops, the ever-changing adaptation practices in agricultural management are challenging previously established parameters (e.g. crop coefficients) used in irrigation management. For better spatial resolution, we often use semi-direct ET measurements, derived from residuals of observed surface energy budgets. In addition, alternative low-cost measurements, such as the surface renewal method, are actively being evaluated and we are refining different approaches for their independent use. 

This talk will mostly focus on ET measurements and the simultaneous quantification of water budgets of entire agricultural fields. We are designing several of our experiments to encompass a full water budget of the targeted fields. This provides a backup estimate of ET as well as an opportunity to couple soil moisture profiles, runoff, irrigation, and precipitation dynamics to eddy covariance flux tower measurements, and eventually help with the ET partitioning. This information is increasingly being sought by modelers and remote sensing scientists to calibrate their ET estimates as we work together on addressing emerging challenges in California agriculture and could potentially be used to understand the physiological response of crops to changes in plant water status and how this response could affect crop quality and productivity. Evaluation of alternative methods and models will include cross-comparisons of existing techniques with more advanced methods under development, including ACASA. We are especially excited to broaden our extension and farm education to small growers and communities that have been historically overlooked by cooperative extension and funding agencies.

How to cite: Suvočarev, K., Flynn, M., Anika, J. T., Ware, E., Guerrero Medina, O., Chopra, C., McDonald, I., Perry, H., Daniel Bustamente, L. F., Pyles, R. D., and Paw U, K. T.: Using Direct Evapotranspiration Measurements for Comminity-Engaged Education and Extension, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9699, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9699, 2023.

Direct measurements of Evapotranspiration (ET) in combination with measured or modelled ETp, provide a direct insight into a plant- and location specific water balance and eventual subsequent drought stress that crop has been experiencing. Using further input from measured ETp and/or ETo, completed with the output of numerical weather prediction models for ETp and precipitation quantities (either deterministic- or ensemble prediction system values), a reference crop irrigation forecasts can be generated for the next days. Applying additionally crop specific water needs to the input variables, a crop- and phenological stage- specific forecast for irrigation can be issued for that particular location.

How to cite: Pandithage, R. and Jaques, J.: Direct Measurements of Evapotranspiration can help steer irrigation forecasts, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3603, 2023.

Growing food demand and declining water availability are among key global concerns in the modern society. These two opposing trends manifest uniquely at different scales, from the farm field to the global food distribution, and require innovative composite solutions in terms of policy, education, science and technology.

To solve the complex interactions of financial, social, and scientific issues, solutions to water use for crops require resource management based upon socioeconomic and scientific understanding. These important goals are achieved through a number of crucial regulatory, social and technical means. The latter include water inventories, water loss and water use measurements, as well as development of the techniques for water use reduction, optimization and prediction, and require direct measurements of water transport in real time, with high temporal resolution.

Cutting-edge technologies to assess water use at leaf to ecosystem scales have been actively developed in the academia for the past 40 years. One example of such technologies is a next-generation fully-automated evapotranspiration station network, to effectively and efficiently handle the “big data” on water use coming from a grid of measurement stations providing high spatial and temporal coverage of water usage on multiple scales, ranging from a single watershed to a region, state, or a continent.

In this presentation, we will focus on the main features and specifications of the very latest technology and the explanation of the latest scientific assessment methods available for direct, field-scale, unattended, and automated measurements of evapotranspiration. 

How to cite: Fratini, G., Miller, B., Gerot, K., McCoy, J., Walbridge, R., Frodyma, A., Fuhrman, I., Parr, A., Trutna, D., Xu, L., and Burba, G.: Direct Evapotranspiration Measurements for the Immediate Societal benefits, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2427, 2023.

The substantial urban contribution to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets underlines the importance of improved GHG emissions monitoring in cities. Reducing urban emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) will be critical to mitigating climate change; yet, GHG budgets of individual cities as quantified by emission inventories can be very uncertain. This is due to a lack of appropriate activity data and emission factors for compiling city-scale inventories or uncertainties in spatial downscaling of regional/national emissions.

The Vienna Urban Carbon Laboratory is currently investigating how monitoring of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in Austria’s capital city can be supported by a range of atmospheric measurement methods, including a tall-tower application of eddy covariance flux measurements. Cities can represent non-ideal conditions for eddy covariance due to the aerodynamically rough surface conditions and spatial heterogeneity in GHG sources (and sinks). Nonetheless, if biases/errors caused by these factors are acceptable, the method provides a potentially significant advantage in that net urban emissions can be directly inferred from the measured vertical turbulent fluxes. Since December 2017, CO₂ fluxes at 144 m above the surface have been measured using an eddy covariance system deployed at the A1 Arsenal radio tower in Vienna’s city centre. The original rationale for the tall tower approach was to partially mitigate the aforementioned challenges of urban eddy covariance (e.g. to get above the deep urban roughness layer and measure in the surface layer) and to increase the area of the city sampled by the flux footprint. In May 2022, the observations at the tower were expanded to measure CH₄ fluxes, as well as atmospheric mixing ratios of CO₂ and its stable carbon isotope composition. Furthermore, between May and July 2022, a parallel measurement campaign with four ground-based, sun-viewing FTIR spectrometers (EM27/SUN) was conducted to measure horizontal gradients in total column CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations.

This conference contribution will present an analysis of the tall-tower eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes and discuss potential applications within the scope of operational emissions monitoring. In addition to discussing the encouraging agreement between eddy covariance measurements and local CO₂ emission inventories for the years 2018 to 2020, the initial eddy flux-inventory comparison for CH₄ will be presented. Moreover, planned analyses (and initial results, where available) on several relevant fronts will be briefly discussed:  comparison of the eddy fluxes with inverse modelled CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes using differential column concentration measurements; comparison of partitioned CO₂ fluxes with source-sector emission estimates derived from local inventories and measurements of stable carbon isotope composition of atmopsheric CO₂. Finally, trends in CO₂ fluxes between 2018 and 2022 will be presented to highlight the potential early indicator function and immediate societal benefits  that urban eddy covariance can provide.

How to cite: Matthews, B., Fasano, E., Meeran, K., Luther, A., Leitner, S., Sanden, H., Vuolo, F., Schume, H., Watzinger, A., and Chen, J.: Using tall tower flux measurements for GHG emissions monitoring in cities: Emerging results and perspectives from the Vienna Urban Carbon Laboratory, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9419, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9419, 2023.

Vegetation plays an important role in the global carbon budget, absorbing from the atmosphere about 29% of CO₂ anthropogenic emissions. Today, forest ecosystems are recognized as carbon sink, while agricultural lands are not taken into account. This is due to the rapid turnover of the carbon assimilated by crops. Indeed, their biomass is removed for food production and the residues and soil organic matter are rapidly degraded due to deep and frequent soil cultivation. However, woody crops like vineyards present biological, structural, and management peculiarities, such as perennial structure, abundant pruning debris, limited soil disturbance, and vegetation cover of the alleys, which could potentially lead to the sequestration of a significant amount of CO₂. Recently, several initiatives started to exploit the sequestration potential of agriculture, to reach the targets of Paris agreement (“4 per mille”, Carbon Farming…), but means, rules, and realistic assessment of sequestration potential are still lacking, exposing these proposals to substantial criticism. Eddy covariance technique, as implemented in coordinate networks, can be a powerful tool to proof this important environmental role of agriculture.

In order to asses the carbon balance of woody crops on a multi-annual scale, in 2015 we deployed an eddy covariance station in a vineyard located in the Franciacorta area (Northern Italy). The analysis of five years of measurements (2017-2021) shows a consistent pattern over this period with the vineyard acting as carbon sink on annual basis. The net CO₂ uptake varied among the years, due to different environmental conditions, but on average it was around 200 g_C m^-2 y^-1. This amount, considerable for an agricultural ecosystem, can represents an important base to quantify the role of viticulture in the perspective of carbon farming initiatives. Even if it can be objected that this sink may be only temporary and the built-up can be substantially disrupted at the end of the vineyard life cycle, these results show that there is a concrete possibility of storing carbon in agricultural soils. Thus, vineyards seem to be good candidates for carbon farming. Proper practices can be defined to preserve this storage at best, greatly contributing to the global carbon budget and boost the role of agriculture in climate change mitigation initiatives.

How to cite: Pitacco, A., Tezza, L., Ghiglieno, I., and Vendrame, N.: Vineyard carbon balance: assessing the perspective for carbon farming through long-term eddy covariance measurements, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14771, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14771, 2023.

Understanding the biogenic sources and sinks of methane (CH₄) is critical to both predicting and mitigating future climate change. Methane is 28-34 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere compared to an equivalent mass of carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame and accounts for ∼ 42 % of warming since the pre-industrial period. Biogenic sources are likely responsible for driving dramatic increases in atmospheric CH₄ over the past decade, yet these are the least constrained and most uncertain fluxes in the global methane budget. A lack of long-term measurements across a variety of ecosystems has resulted in many unanswered questions about both the processes driving methane fluxes and how to scale these fluxes across space and over time. There is an urgent need to address these questions. With an atmospheric residence time of ~9 years, mitigating CH₄ emissions has the potential to be an important global warming mitigation strategy. Here, we show how the current infrastructure to measure CH₄ limits our ability to constrain the natural biogenic CH₄ flux. Using dissimilarity, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis, the United States of America was divided into 10 clusters distributed across temperature and precipitation gradients. Through our analysis using climate, land cover, and location variables, we identified priority areas for research infrastructure to provide a more complete understanding of the CH₄ flux potential of ecosystem types.

How to cite: Malone, S. and Varner, R. and the Continental Methane Observatory: Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2409, 2023.

The Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector accounts for almost a quarter of global emissions. With proper management, the land-use sector can serve as a powerful carbon sink through sustainable practices along agriculture and forestry supply chains and through nature-based solutions (NBS) for carbon removal. However, accounting for the exchange of CO2 due to biological processes (soils, crops, trees, livestock) in the land is difficult, which leads to uncertainty around the exact impact of carbon removal practices and projects.

Current methods for measuring CO2 emissions and sequestration in the land have gaps. Direct measurements (e.g. soil sampling) are too costly and labor intensive. Industry calculators provide averaged data, which masks local variation and individual effort. Remote-sensing solutions focus on detecting the change of select practices but still use standardized formulas to estimate the carbon impact.

These factors limit the ability of companies to track and incentivize the sustainable practices of their suppliers, mislead climate action, and slow down the transition to Net Zero.

In this talk, Dr. Oleg Demidov will discuss the CarbonSpace technology, which provides unique, remotely generated carbon footprint data and insights for global supply chains and NBS projects. The technology core uses machine learning algorithms trained on multispectral satellite imagery and GHG flux data from globally distributed eddy covariance ground stations. This approach requires no on-site operations and provides net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates at a resolution of 30 meters. NEE is a parameter that represents carbon stock change in several carbon pools: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, soils, and dead organic matter. NEE can be positive or negative, meaning total emissions or sequestration. 

Dr. Demidov will cover several case studies demonstrating the proven value of CarbonSpace data. In North Dakota, CarbonSpace showed the impact of varied management practices on carbon sequestration in croplands, and, in Ireland, CarbonSpace provided a new set of data that improved the accuracy of a dairy product LCA. Additionally, Dr. Demidov will discuss progress and challenges with certification and market acceptance for the CarbonSpace technology. 

Join this discussion to learn how CarbonSpace’s disruptive approach enables corporations and NBS project developers to evaluate their carbon removal efforts and guide further climate strategy based on quality, accurate data.

How to cite: Demidov, O.: AI combined with Flux Data and Remote sensing generates insightful carbon footprint data for the land-use sector, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3653, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3653, 2023.

A combination of technological, nature-based and demand-side solutions are envisioned to avert the most drastic consequences of climate change, connected via a greenhouse gas (GHG) economy and government policies (e.g., net-zero incentives, compensations etc.). Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of GHGs reduced or removed from the atmosphere are central to ensuring that revenue streams develop in proportion to true climate benefits with equitable rewards for small and large originators.

However, current MRV limitations (e.g., cost, robustness, interoperability, scalability, multi-year latency, etc.) curtail our ability to approach climate solutions in a well-informed and consistent manner. This challenge can be addressed by creating an MRV benchmark that is directly and frequently measured, uniformly derived, universally applicable to the technological and nature-based solutions, and traceable in near-real time and space. In order to narrow the knowledge-action gap the social and natural sciences both recognize this need for continuous information on local GHG emission and sequestration akin to weather intelligence.

Technology transfer of the latest, most direct GHG quantification methods from academic climate science to the climate solution marketplace provides a promising avenue for creating such a benchmark: Next-generation information reconstruction (https://tinyurl.com/flux-tower-mapping) applied to existing local-to-global networks of direct GHG flux measurements can achieve unmatched statistical power, interpretability and process insight. This integration will generate an orders-of-magnitude improved stream of directly-measured emission and sequestration rates for robustly anchoring project-scale GHG mitigation and wall-to-wall remote sensing and models. The resulting benchmark directly represents a financial commodity: the physical emission and sequestration of GHGs. Thus, they can be used to manage GHGs in day-to-day practices and to assess the value of financial derivatives such as GHG certificates based on discipline-specific protocols, while accounting for reliability, storage duration and other factors.

This approach will result in decameter-resolution maps of GHG emission and sequestration per unit of time, locked in a secure vessel such as a blockchain to prevent tampering, deleting, or modifying. Access via mobile Apps and APIs will enable public awareness and confidence, climate solution research, GHG certificate intercomparisons, development of regulatory and financial products, tools, climate-smart technologies, practices and commercial services, and national as well as local policies. Paths to monetization include licensing to credit originators, offset buyers and marketplaces, through connecting pixel-scale GHG exchange to regulatory practice for a range of GHG certificate protocols, industries, stakeholders and management practices. With this conceptual outline, we invite all types of stakeholders to join Carbon Dew: the Community of Practice that aims to anchor equitable climate solutions worldwide in direct measurements of GHG sequestration and emission (https://tinyurl.com/join-carbon-dew).

How to cite: Metzger, S., Burba, G., Desai, A., Hemes, K., Jaiswal, D., Kayode, J. S., Kisekka, I., Kumar, J., Mitra, B., Mwape, A., Paleri, S., Pullanagari, R. R., Runkle, B., and Schödel, S.: Carbon Dew: Direct Greenhouse Gas Exchange Measurements Anchor Equitable Climate Solutions Worldwide, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10860, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10860, 2023.