GMPV8.7 | Reykjanes Peninsula Fires, Iceland: precursors, nature and impact
EDI
Reykjanes Peninsula Fires, Iceland: precursors, nature and impact
Co-organized by EOS1/NH7/SM6/TS10
Convener: Halldór Geirsson | Co-conveners: Kristín Jónsdóttir, Edward W. Marshall, Sara Barsotti, Sigríður María Aðalsteinsdóttir
Orals
| Fri, 28 Apr, 14:00–15:45 (CEST)
 
Room 0.14
Posters on site
| Attendance Fri, 28 Apr, 10:45–12:30 (CEST)
 
Hall X2
Posters virtual
| Attendance Fri, 28 Apr, 10:45–12:30 (CEST)
 
vHall GMPV/G/GD/SM
Orals |
Fri, 14:00
Fri, 10:45
Fri, 10:45
After over 800 years of quiescence, the Fagradalsfjall eruptions in 2021 and 2022 may mark the onset of a new cycle of volcanism and unrest across the Reykjanes Peninsula in SW-Iceland. The eruptions followed periods of intense seismicity and deformation triggered by the injection of feeder dikes. The compositions of the erupted lava, melt inclusions, and gas emissions suggested pre-eruption storage from near-moho depths. Over the course of the eruption, the lava composition displayed significant compositional change over time that suggested the rapid mixing of melt batches of different source depth and affinity. Variably pulsating effusion and degassing behavior challenges the traditional views of volcanic plumbing systems. The eruptions were, and still are, popular tourist attractions, posing challenges to safe crowd management in active volcanic areas. Now we ponder: what's next?

We welcome submissions on volcanic systems of the Reykjanes Peninsula; their plumbling systems, eruptive products, and impacts. We particularly encourage comparative studies across different regions and disciplines.

Topics may include, for example: physical volcanology of eruptive products and eruptive behavior; lava flow modeling; acoustic studies; petrology; geochemistry and interaction with groundwater; studies of volcanic gases; crustal deformation; seismology; volcano monitoring; social effects; health effects; hazard mitigation; tectonic implications; volcano-tectonic interactions; atmosphere-climate interactions, etc.

Orals: Fri, 28 Apr | Room 0.14

Chairpersons: Halldór Geirsson, Peter LaFemina
14:00–14:05
14:05–14:15
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EGU23-2742
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Maren Kahl, Euan J.F. Mutch, John Maclennan, Dan Morgan, Fiona Couperthwaite, Enikő Bali, Thor Thordarson, Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson, Richard Walshaw, Iris Buisman, Stephan Buhre, Quinten H. A. van der Meer, Alberto Caracciolo, Edward W. Marshall, Maja B. Rasmussen, Catherine R. Gallagher, William M. Moreland, Ármann Höskuldsson, and Robert A. Askew

Effective eruption forecasting and volcanic hazard management depend heavily on our ability to detect when a volcanic system switches from a state of unrest into a state of eruption. The 2021 eruption at Fagradalsfjall in SW Iceland, the first deep-sourced eruption on a mid-ocean ridge system monitored with modern instrumentation, presents an ideal opportunity to compare geophysical and petrological datasets to explore processes of deep magma mobilisation and eruption priming. Here we use diffusion chronometry to show that deep magmatic unrest in the roots of volcanic systems can precede apparent geophysical eruption precursors by a few years.  Early phases of magma accumulation and reorganisation in the near-Moho plumbing system, part of the priming for eruption, can occur in the absence of significant increases in shallow seismicity (<7 km depth) or rapid geodetic changes. In contrast, geophysical signals of unrest and crystal records of changing magmatic conditions both show significant increases in intensity in the months and days prior to eruption. This correlation may signal a rapid transition from a state of priming to full scale mobilisation in which magma begins to traverse the upper/ brittle crust. Our findings provide new insights into the dynamics of near-Moho magma storage and mobilisation. 

How to cite: Kahl, M., Mutch, E. J. F., Maclennan, J., Morgan, D., Couperthwaite, F., Bali, E., Thordarson, T., Guðfinnsson, G. H., Walshaw, R., Buisman, I., Buhre, S., van der Meer, Q. H. A., Caracciolo, A., Marshall, E. W., Rasmussen, M. B., Gallagher, C. R., Moreland, W. M., Höskuldsson, Á., and Askew, R. A.: Years of deep magmatic upheaval preceding the 2021 eruption at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-2742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-2742, 2023.

14:15–14:25
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EGU23-13373
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On-site presentation
Pavla Hrubcová and Václav Vavryčuk

The Reykjanes Peninsula in SW Iceland is a part of the Mid-Atlantic plate boundary. It forms its transtensional segment with several volcanic and faulting systems. We focus on the 2017 seismicity that occurred in the central part of Reykjanes at the place of Fagradalsfjall volcano prior to its eruption on March 19, 2021. We invert well-determined focal mechanisms of the 2017 seismicity and provide mapping of tectonic stress in space and time. Our results disclose heterogeneous stress field manifested by mix of shear, tensile and compressive fracturing.  Although the fracturing was diverse, directions of the principal stress axes were stable and consistent with the processes at the transtensional divergent plate boundary. The prominent stress direction was in the azimuth of 120°±8°, which represents the overall extension related to rifting in the Reykjanes Peninsula. The activity initiated on the transform fault segment with predominantly shear strike-slip events. The non-shear fractures occurred later being associated with normal dip-slips and corresponding to the opening of volcanic fissures trending in the azimuth of 30-35°, perpendicular to the extension. The dip-slips were mainly located above an aseismic dike detected in the centre of the 2017 swarm. This dike represents a zone of crustal weakening during a preparatory phase of future 2021 Fagradalsfjall volcanic eruption located at the same place. Moreover, we detected local variation of stress when the stress axes abruptly interchanged their directions in the individual stress domains. These stress changes are interpreted in a consequence of plate spreading and upcoming fluid flow during a preparatory phase of a rifting episode.

How to cite: Hrubcová, P. and Vavryčuk, V.: Tectonic stress changes related to plate spreading prior to the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in SW Iceland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13373, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13373, 2023.

14:25–14:35
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EGU23-4209
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Daniel Stoicescu, Delia Dumitras, Octavian Duliu, Cristian Panaiotu, Gelu Costin, Inga Zinicovscaia, George Dinca, Cristian Necula, Ioana Porosnicu, and Otilia Culicov

To get more data concerning de geochemistry and volcanology of Reykjanes Peninsula (Iceland) lavas, more high-precision analytical methods such as Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), ICP-MS, X-ray microtomography (XRMT) and magnetism, coupled with mineralogical investigations were used. INAA, EPMA, XRF and ICP-MS were used to determine both major and trace element mass fractions. In the case of major elements, despite some differences inherent utilization of different analytical techniques, all analysis suggested a tholeiitic composition. Several discriminating diagrams clearly emphasize the subalkaline and tholeiitic trend, while the tectonic discrimination diagram assigned a “continental affinity”, as well as the existence of a minor crustal contamination. At their turn, the distribution of incompatible trace elements, represented into several discriminating diagrams, in agreement with PetDB database on Reykjanes Peninsula, as well as Hawaii and St Helen volcanic rocks, confirming the previous hypothesis based on major elements distribution on the tholeiitic and evolved character of the Reykjanes Peninsula lava, with an affinity towards ocean island basalts with traces crustal contamination. The results of mineralogical as well as BSE images analysis evidenced an abundance of plagioclase (albite), pyroxene (augite and pigeonite), as well as Fe-Ti oxides, while minerals such as olivine and spinel were less present. XRMT images revealed the presence of a multitude of vesicles showing preferred orientations, most probable due to lava flow, as the XRMT images loaded into stacks and analyzed by appropriate image analyzing software suggested. This particular features could suggest the existence of an important amount of volatiles, which lowering lava viscosity make them visible among larger vesicles. Raman spectroscopy results concerning the phases of each mineral, compared with literature and RRUFFTM database confirmed previuous finding concerning the geochemistry of investigated Reykjaned Peninsula basalt sample. A magnetic analysis, performed by means of FORC diagrams as well as magnetic susceptibility dependence on temperature and the magnetic field, evidenced the presence of titanomagnetite as a main magnetic present in the sample.Therefore, all analyses suggested that the investigated basaltic lava present a tholeiitic composition, with an evolved continental affinity, but not related to rifting. The structural features suggests the presence of an important amount of volatiles existed prior the eruption.

How to cite: Stoicescu, D., Dumitras, D., Duliu, O., Panaiotu, C., Costin, G., Zinicovscaia, I., Dinca, G., Necula, C., Porosnicu, I., and Culicov, O.: Multi-analytical characterization of a Reykjanes Peninsula (Iceland) basalt, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-4209, 2023.

14:35–14:45
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EGU23-5120
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ECS
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Virtual presentation
Nicolas Levillayer and Olgeir Sigmarsson

Volcanic gases are a major concern, especially when eruptions take place in inhabited or touristic areas. Several studies have revealed that during basaltic eruptions, toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, As and Zn are efficiently outgassed, carried by the major gas species, mainly sulfur and halogens. However, part of the degassing occurs after the eruption, while the lava flow is solidifying, and the composition of this secondary gas is virtually unknown.

After the primary (syn-eruptive) degassing, the lava is depleted in sulfur, leading to relative enrichment in halogens in secondary (post-eruptive) gas emission. This change in major species concentration could impact the volatility of metals and thus the toxicity of the gas emitted.

To investigate this subject, we collected, using filter packs, gas samples of both the primary and the secondary gas phases of the Geldingadalir and Meradalir eruptions. The filters were then leached in diluted acid and the resulting solution analyzed for trace element composition.

Results show syn-eruptive gas samples with very homogeneous trace volatile element composition and distinct from all the post-eruptive gas. Conversely, the secondary gas is more diverse, with distinct composition in samples collected around the main Geldingadalir crater and those collected on the lava flow.

To compare our gas samples (having different air dilution factors), we normalized each element to Cu (well measured and moderately volatile). Overall, the lava flow post-eruptive gas appears enriched in Zn, Sb and Pb with respect to syn-eruptive (10-100 times higher normalized enrichment factor). These elements are known to form chloride species and could thus have an enhanced volatility due to higher Cl concentration in the secondary gas phase. The Sulfur-loving (chalcophile) element Te has, on the other hand, a 10 times lower normalized enrichment factor in the lava flow gas, which is consistent with a sulfur depletion.

It thus seems that volcanic gas emission changes radically between primary and secondary degassing. Increase volatility of some metals such as Lead or Zinc might lead to higher toxicity, with important hazard for the local population and environment.

How to cite: Levillayer, N. and Sigmarsson, O.: Primary versus secondary degassing during basaltic eruptions, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-5120, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5120, 2023.

14:45–14:55
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EGU23-10732
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ECS
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Virtual presentation
Cécile Ducrocq, Thóra Árnadóttir, Páll Einarsson, Sigurjón Jónsson, Vincent Drouin, Halldór Geirsson, and Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir

Fractures and tectonic structures have been related to dyke emplacements, eruption location or dynamics in several volcanic areas around the world. Mapping of active faults is therefore key for assessing the potential tectonic and volcanic hazard within a region. The 2021 eruption in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic area (Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland) was preceded by two years of volcanic unrest, including four non-eruptive unrests in the Svartsengi and Krýsuvík volcanic areas and a dyke intrusion in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic segment. Nine earthquakes of magnitudes M 5–5.6 were recorded during this time period and were widely felt by the surrounding population. Using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) applied to TerraSAR-X data collected over 2019–2021, we mapped fracture movements over the Reykjanes Peninsula. We identified ~1250 active structures across 54 interferograms during this time period, complementing previously mapped structures. Our study reveals extensive fracture movements across most of the Peninsula, extending from Reykjanes to NE Krýsuvík volcanic areas. We particularly highlight previously undetected structures beneath the town of Grindavík as well as a N45°E striking structure in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic area, active during summer-autumn 2020, prior to the 2021 dyke intrusion. We propose that this structure influenced the location of the longest lasting vent of the 2021 eruption. The observations presented in this study have important implications for improving our understanding of volcano-tectonic interactions and hazard assessments in Iceland and worldwide.

How to cite: Ducrocq, C., Árnadóttir, T., Einarsson, P., Jónsson, S., Drouin, V., Geirsson, H., and Hjartardóttir, Á. R.: Widespread fracture movements during the 2019–2021 volcano-tectonic unrest on the Reykjanes Peninsula from TerraSAR-X interferometry, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10732, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10732, 2023.

14:55–15:05
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EGU23-13310
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ECS
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Highlight
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On-site presentation
Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir, Egill Árni Gudnason, Rögnvaldur Líndal Magnússon, Tomáš Fischer, Tom Winder, Eva P. S. Eibl, Esme Glastonbury-Southern, Gylfi Páll Hersir, Josef Horálek, Jana Doubravová, Josef Vlček, Pavla Hrubcová, Jiri Málek, Lucia Fojtíková, and Bryndís Brandsdóttir

The 6-month long fissure eruption that started in Geldingadalir valley within Mt. Fagradalsfjall, Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland, on 19March 2021 was preceded by three weeks of intense seismic activity associated with a ~10 km long NE-SW oriented dyke intrusion, along the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system. This was the first eruption in over 800 years on the Peninsula. A multi-institutional seismic network, installed prior to the dyke intrusion, comprises 27, 3-component instruments (25 broadband and 2 short-period instruments) covering the whole Reykjanes Peninsula. Here we focus on the Fagradalsfjall area (~12x10 km) with 4 instruments located within a 2.5 km radius of the observed dyke seismicity. Accurate automatic earthquake locations using a new detection and location algorithm QuakeMigrate[1] obtain an order of magnitude higher number of earthquakes than conventional location methods. For high precision locations, events are cross-correlated and then relatively relocated using GrowClust[2]. Here we present detailed earthquake location results from 18 September 2021 to 30 September 2022. This period comprises i) the 2021 post-eruptive seismicity along the 10 km long 2021 dyke path; ii) an earthquake swarm about 5 km NE of the eruption site at 5-7 km depth in October; iii) a 5 day-long dyke intrusion in December 2021 that failed to breach the surface; iv) a 5-day-long dyke intrusion that breached the surface on 3 August 2022, and led to a 6 week-long fissure eruption in Meradalir, located about 0.5 km NE of the 2021 eruption site.

We find that the failed dyke in December 2021 and the 2022 dyke that successfully breached the surface share many of the same features. They both propagated at similar depths of 3-6 km, in the pathway of the initial 2021 dyke and both show some sparser seismicity closer to the surface. The time span of their propagation is almost identical; both are propagating for around 5 days, with similar lengths of about 6 km, which is considerably shorter than the 10 km long 3-week 2021 dyke propagation. They differ, however, in their location with respect to the 2021 eruption site. The failed 2021 dyke intrusion propagated mainly SW of the 2021 eruption site, whereas the successful 2022 dyke propagated NE of it. Interestingly, our results suggest that during the initial phases of the 2022 dyke intrusion, two dykelets propagate in opposite directions simultaneously.

How to cite: Ágústsdóttir, T., Gudnason, E. Á., Magnússon, R. L., Fischer, T., Winder, T., Eibl, E. P. S., Glastonbury-Southern, E., Hersir, G. P., Horálek, J., Doubravová, J., Vlček, J., Hrubcová, P., Málek, J., Fojtíková, L., and Brandsdóttir, B.: Relative earthquake relocations and detailed evolution of failed and successful lateral dyke intrusions during the 2021-2022 Fagradalsfjall volcano-tectonic rifting event, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13310, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13310, 2023.

15:05–15:15
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EGU23-9413
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ECS
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On-site presentation
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Eva P. S. Eibl, Oliver Lamb, Thorvaldur Thordarson, Ármann Höskuldsson, Egill Á. Gudnason, Gylfi Páll Hersir, and Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir

The Geldingadalir eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, Iceland, lasted from 19 March to 18 September 2021. While it continuously effused lava in March and April, it transitioned to an episodic pattern from 2 May onwards. We based our analysis on seismometer data from stations NUPH and LHR located 5.5 and 2 km SE of the active vent, respectively.

From 2 May to 14 June the eruption featured minute-long episodes that were classified into 6 different periods based on the duration of the tremor, the repose time, and the seismic amplitude (Eibl et al. 2022, Bulletin of Volcanology).

Here we focus on the timespan from 14 June to 18 September and define another three periods with distinct patterns: (i) For most of June the tremor was continuous and transitioned on 6 July to a period with hour long effusion followed by minute-long episodic effusion, (ii) 19 July to 3 September which featured only hour-long lava effusion episodes, and (iii) from 11 September, a 2-day-long effusion was followed by several days of minute-long episodes.

We discuss these changes in the context of acoustic data, video camera data, geomorphological changes of the crater and the shallow subsurface. Overall, we find further indications for an evolving shallow magma compartment in July.

How to cite: Eibl, E. P. S., Lamb, O., Thordarson, T., Höskuldsson, Á., Gudnason, E. Á., Hersir, G. P., and Ágústsdóttir, T.: Seismic Tremor Reveals Changes in Episode Duration throughout the 2021 Geldingadalir Eruption, Iceland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9413, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9413, 2023.

15:15–15:25
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EGU23-11743
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On-site presentation
Moment tensors of the earthquake swarms associated with the 2021 Fagradalsfjall volcanic eruption (SW Iceland)
(withdrawn)
Josef Horalek, Jan Šílený, Jana Doubravová, Petra Adamová, and Ivan Pšenčík
15:25–15:35
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EGU23-7505
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On-site presentation
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Oleg Melnik, Jean Soubestre, Nikolai Shapiro, and Corentin Caudron

Fagradalsfjall eruption showed a remarkable pulsatory magma discharge activity in Jul-Aug 2021, with a characteristic timescale of ~36 hours (with cycles varying from 17 to 76 hours) and a duration of lava outflow from the crater of 10 to 70 hours. Active lava discharge coincides with the presence of both shallow and deep volcanic tremors that stops abruptly as soon as the active phase of the cycle finishes. The initial phase of each eruption cycle is characterized by some shifts of the tremor source between a depth of ~ 5 km and a shallow level, active degassing, and appearance of fresh lava at the top of the crater. Deep tremor source might be continuously active.

We propose that the pulsatory activity is caused by the dynamics of magma flow in a feeding dike. The model assumes purely elastic wall-rocks rheology and Newtonian temperature-dependent magma viscosity. Elastic displacement of host rocks is calculated by means of the analytical solution for an elliptic cavity subject to fluid overpressure. We assume that surrounding rocks temperature is linearly increasing with depth and the heat transfer from the magma following Newton’s law. The influx of the magma at the base of the dike is controlled by the dike overpressure. For reasonable values of governing parameters, the system shows pulsatory activity in accordance with the observed timescales. During low discharge rate magma viscosity in the upper part of the dike increases dramatically, magma flow stops, and the dike starts to inflate at depth storing large amounts of magma. As the pressure increases the flow of the fresh hot magma destroys the plug and discharge episode occurs. The dike deflates and the flow rate decreases leading to consequent cooling of the magma and blockage of the dike.

Parametric study reveals the influence of controlling parameters (magma influx rate, elastic modulus of rocks, heat exchange coefficient end others) on the period of discharge and the presence of pulsatory activity.

How to cite: Melnik, O., Soubestre, J., Shapiro, N., and Caudron, C.: Dynamics of pulsatory magma discharge at Fagradalsfjall volcano during Jul-Aug 2021: insights from observations, tremor locations and numerical models., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-7505, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-7505, 2023.

15:35–15:45
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EGU23-3542
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ECS
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On-site presentation
Jennifer Jenkins, Tim Greenfield, Nicholas Rawlinson, Thorbjorg Agustdottir, Gylfi Páll Hersir, Egill Árni Gudnason, Josef Horálek, Anne Obermann, Torsten Dahm, and Claus Milkerei

Detailed investigation into local seismicity and geochemical analysis of erupted products from the 2021-22 Fagradalsfjall eruption has already provided new insights into the deep magma plumbing system beneath the Reykjanes Peninsular. Here we focus on producing a detailed regional-scale shear wave velocity model of the Reykjanes to provide wider scale crustal context for these results. Utilising seismic data from 105 stations operated by numerous groups on the peninsular from 2013 to present day, we use recordings of distant teleseismic earthquakes to observe P to s converted phases that provide insight into crustal structure through receiver function (RF) analysis. The total data set of nearly 3000 RFs is computed in several frequency bands. Small subsets of RFs from common backazimuths and epicentral distances displaying high waveform similarity are jointly inverted with surface wave dispersion measurements to produce approximately 300 individual velocity models across the area. These are migrated to depth within a 3D volume to define a single regional velocity model. Major interfaces such as the Moho and base of the upper crust are extracted to produce maps of peninsular wide variation. Computed velocity model inversion results are compared to  RF waveforms combined in multi-phase common conversion point stacks. We compare the velocity structure and interface depths extracted beneath Fagradalsfjall to magma depth estimates from geochemistry and potential structural changes hypothesised from local seismicity linked to the 2021-22 eruption.

How to cite: Jenkins, J., Greenfield, T., Rawlinson, N., Agustdottir, T., Hersir, G. P., Gudnason, E. Á., Horálek, J., Obermann, A., Dahm, T., and Milkerei, C.: Crustal context of the Fagradalsfjall eruption: shear-wave velocity structure of the Reykjanes Peninsular from receiver function analysis, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3542, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3542, 2023.

Posters on site: Fri, 28 Apr, 10:45–12:30 | Hall X2

Chairpersons: Halldór Geirsson, Peter LaFemina
X2.99
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EGU23-3678
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ECS
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Highlight
Caroline Tisdale, Bruce Houghton, Jóna Sigurlína Pálmadóttir, and Thorvaldur Thordarson

The 2022 Icelandic eruption of Meradalir along the Reykjanes Peninsula, was captured via videography in exceptional detail over much of its 18-day duration. This eruption, like the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, did not pose significant threat to human life or infrastructure. However, many lava-fountaining eruptions elsewhere of similar character (2018 Lower East Rift Zone, Hawaii & 2021 Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Spain) have caused substantial destruction. Understanding eruption dynamics at these volcanoes is critical for fine-tuning of hazard and risk assessment. With the increasing use of high-speed/resolution cameras in field settings, we are able to quantify in-flight parameters such as particle size and particle exit velocities, rather than having to solely rely on deposit characteristics from samples collected once an eruption has ceased. This is an important development because ground samples can be rapidly buried or reworked and are subject to additional fragmentation during transport and when hitting the ground. The abundance of quantitative information we can obtain from this, coupled with qualitative observations, has allowed us to deepen our understanding of processes of weak explosive eruptions.

How to cite: Tisdale, C., Houghton, B., Sigurlína Pálmadóttir, J., and Thordarson, T.: Eruption Parameters Measured In-flight during the 2022 Icelandic Meradalir Eruption, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3678, 2023.

X2.100
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EGU23-6814
Jiri Malek and Lucia Fojtikova and the NASPMON WP7

Increased attenuation of seismic S-waves propagating beneath a volcano is one of the most important seismic indicators of magma or partially melted rocks. We studied the attenuation in the Reykjanes peninsula, Southwest Iceland and its local anomalies in relation to the Fagradalsfjall eruption in March 2021.  

The Reykjanes Peninsula (situated on the rift between Eurasian and North American tectonic plates) is characterized by intensive volcanism that forms its unique geological structure and generates seismic swarm activity. Since 2013, it has been monitored by the REYKJANET network. Seismic activity intensified from December 2019 and lasted until the eruption of Fagradalsfjall volcano in March 2021. Seismicity during this period was distributed along the whole peninsula, not only in the vicinity of the eruption site. These data give us a unique opportunity to study the attenuation of seismic S-waves waves and their frequency dependence and to identify anomalies of attenuation.

The formula for mean attenuation is derived by estimating maximum seismic amplitudes as a function of earthquake magnitude accounting for hypocentral distance and station constants that reflect local conditions beneath the stations. It was derived for the vertical and horizontal components of S waves using the ground displacement, velocity and acceleration. Significant frequency dependence of attenuation was found with the attenuation coefficient proportional to the logarithm of the frequency. This explains different attenuation of the maximum amplitudes for stronger and weaker earthquakes, which have different prevailing frequencies. It was also found that the attenuation is not homogeneous in the entire area covered by REYKJANET (approximately 35 km x 15 km). The attenuation showed significant changes in time. Strong S-wave attenuation was detected for rays passing through the Krýsuvík volcanic system during the year 2020. This may indicate the presence of partially melted rocks at shallow depth. The attenuation beneath the eruption site at Fagradalsfjall was not anomalous during the year 2020; the anomalous values were only detected at the time of eruption.

 This study was supported by the NASPMON project.

How to cite: Malek, J. and Fojtikova, L. and the NASPMON WP7: Correlation of volcanic activity and S-wave attenuation anomalies in the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-6814, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6814, 2023.

X2.101
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EGU23-8196
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ECS
Esme Glastonbury-Southern, Tom Winder, Tim Greenfield, Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir, Nick Rawlinson, Robert White, Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Tomas Fischer, Josef Horálek, Jana Doubravová, Conor Bacon, Egill Árni Gudnason, Gylfi Páll Hersir, Pavla Hrubcova, and Eva P. S. Eibl

The 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula was preceded by more than 12 months of elevated seismic and inflationary activity, beginning around December 2019. On 24th February 2021, an exceptionally intense episode of seismicity covering the length of the Peninsula marked the initiation of a dyke intrusion, which continued to develop until the 19th of March 2021, when melt first erupted at the surface. During the intrusion, more than 80,000 microearthquakes marked the propagation of melt, first northeast towards Mt Keilir, then to the southwest, eventually forming a 10 km-long dyke. These events were recorded by a dense local seismic network and detected and located using QuakeMigrate[1].

We present relative relocations of the seismicity, and tightly constrained focal mechanisms for earthquakes from the dyke intrusion period. The high precision of the relative relocations reveals fine scale structure in the region, which is studied in relation to the orientation of fault planes rupturing in individual earthquakes, thus providing insight into the mechanism of dyke propagation and the controls on faulting in the region. We find that the strikes of the fault planes of individual earthquakes differ from the overall trend of dyke propagation across several propagating seismic swarms.

We compare our findings for the Fagradalsfjall seismicity to the 2014-2015 Bárðarbunga-Holuhraun intrusion and eruption seismicity [2], in the context of the contrasting tectonic settings, and markedly different precursory activity.

1: Tom Winder, Conor Bacon, Jonathan D. Smith, Thomas S. Hudson, Julian Drew, & Robert S. White. (2021). QuakeMigrate v1.0.0 (v1.0.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4442749

2: Woods, J., Winder, T., White, R. S., and Brandsdóttir, B., 2019. Evolution of a lateral dike intrusion revealed by relatively-relocated dike-induced earthquakes: The 2014–15 Bárðarbunga–Holuhraun rifting event, Iceland. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.032

How to cite: Glastonbury-Southern, E., Winder, T., Greenfield, T., Ágústsdóttir, T., Rawlinson, N., White, R., Brandsdóttir, B., Fischer, T., Horálek, J., Doubravová, J., Bacon, C., Gudnason, E. Á., Hersir, G. P., Hrubcova, P., and Eibl, E. P. S.: Relatively relocated seismicity during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall dyke intrusion, Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Detailed evolution of a lateral dyke, and comparison to Bárðarbunga-Holuhraun, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-8196, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8196, 2023.

X2.102
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EGU23-10209
Samuel Scott, Melissa Pfeffer, Clive Oppenheimer, and Andri Stefánsson

The recent eruptions of Fagradalsfjall and Meradalir (Iceland) marks the first eruptive episode on the Reykjanes Peninsula in nearly 800 years. Open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) measurements of major and minor gas molecular species (including H2O, CO2, SO2, HCl, HF and CO) in the gas emissions have been performed on more than twenty occasions throughout the eruptions in 2021 and 2022. Generally, the gas emissions are water-rich (60-95 mol % H2O) and show CO2/SO2 molar ratios of ~4, consistent with magma generation at >15 km depth. Comparison of measured gas emissions with geochemical models of degassing of the Fagradalsfjall basaltic melt suggest that fractional degassing is necessary to explain the high-water contents of the fountaining gas at Fagradalsfjall, implying that a significant fraction of the CO2 that has exsolved from the magma is lost at depth prior to eruption. The measured vent gas emissions display enigmatic changes as a function of time, with lowest H2O/CO2 and H2O/SO2 ratios measured early in the eruption at Fagradalsfjall in 2021 and higher ratios during later stages and during the Meradalir eruption in 2022. The chemistry of the gas emissions is significantly affected by the style of degassing, with gas emitted by surface lava flows characterized by higher H2O/CO2 and H2O/SO2 and lower SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios compared to gas emitted at actively erupting vents. Moreover, the data record significant short-term temporal changes in chemistry on the timescales of minutes associated with intermittent fountaining and cooling/solidification of lava flows. This study highlights the utility of OP-FTIR techniques for tracing basaltic magma degassing in space and time. 

How to cite: Scott, S., Pfeffer, M., Oppenheimer, C., and Stefánsson, A.: Volcanic degassing during the recent Fagradalsfjall and Merardalir eruptions, Iceland, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10209, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10209, 2023.

X2.103
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EGU23-17131
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ECS
Jóhanna Malen Skúladóttir, Elisa Johanna Piispa, Joaquin Munoz Cobo Belart, Halldór Geirsson, Vincent Drouin, and Kimberley Jean Hutchinson

Lavas are known to cool and contract following their emplacement, resulting in measurable subsidence at their surface. Magnetic surveying of the cooling lava can also provide insight into the causation of such subsidence, whether it be due to for example lava tunnel collapse and/or cooling of the lava. Repeated geodetic, photogrammetric, and magnetic measurements can be used to monitor the subsidence and can help determine the cooling rate of the lava. Here, we present initial results on subsidence and total magnetic field of the Fagradalsfjall lavas (Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland), which were emplaced in March-September 2021 and August 2022. The post-emplacement deformation of the lavas is measured from comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in 2x2 m derived from aerial photogrammetric surveys, in-situ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys of benchmarks in the lava flow, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The DEM differences show subsidence of up to 7 m in the first year since the end of the 2021 eruption. Magnetic measurements were performed using drone surveys (MagArrow magnetometer suspended on DJI Matrice 600) and hiking profiles (GEM Systems GSM-19 Overhauser magnetometer). Our preliminary results show quite variable magnetization of the lavas. We suggest that the low magnetic anomalies are either associated with internal structures or show evidence of hot lava still above its Curie temperature and possibly even in liquid form and coincide roughly with the higher subsidence rates. During the August 2022 eruption, when the new lava was partly emplaced on top of the 2021 lava field, some of the older lava squeezed out from the western border of the 2021 flow, demonstrating that the 2021 lavas were still partly in liquid form. We expect the 2021-2022 lavas to continue to subside as the lava cools down and contracts, and plan further studies to provide insight into the cooling processes.

How to cite: Skúladóttir, J. M., Piispa, E. J., Belart, J. M. C., Geirsson, H., Drouin, V., and Hutchinson, K. J.: Cooling of the 2021 & 2022 Fagradalsfjall lavas: surface deformation and magnetic signatures, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17131, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17131, 2023.

Posters virtual: Fri, 28 Apr, 10:45–12:30 | vHall GMPV/G/GD/SM

Chairpersons: Edward W. Marshall, Halldór Geirsson
vGGGS.13
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EGU23-14037
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ECS
Yesim Cubuk Sabuncu, Felix Rodríguez Cardozo, Halldór Geirsson, Kristín Jónsdóttir, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Thomas Lecocq, Corentin Caudron, and Aurelien Mordret

Late February 2021, the Reykjanes Peninsula in southwest Iceland experienced severe seismicity associated with the development of a 9 km long dyke. Eight earthquakes of magnitude M≥5  were registered in the vicinity of Fagradalsfjall from February 24 until the onset of the Fagradalsfjall eruption in mid-March, which lasted for six months. Here, we analyze the temporal variations in crustal seismic wave velocities and the source characteristics of earthquakes during the dyke formation phase (February-March 2021).

We apply ambient-noise seismic interferometry and compute seismic noise cross-correlations using the MSNoise software. Cross-wavelet analysis, a powerful technique that allows us to obtain frequency-dependence of velocity change, is used to investigate relative variations in seismic wave velocities (dv/v). Along with our wavelet-based dv/v results, we also present the stretching-based dv/v time-series that were calculated in real-time for volcano monitoring during the unrest. 

The Fagradalsfjall dyke intrusion induced temporal variations in seismic velocities and strong decorrelation that were picked up by the entire network across the peninsula. Beginning abruptly with the increased seismic activity, velocities at nearby seismic stations decreased by 1.5 percent. The amount of dv/v change was noticeably less than 1 percent at distant stations (15-30 km). 

The regional time-domain moment tensor inversion method (TDMT_INVC) was also applied to obtain earthquake mechanism solutions. Source parameters of 50 moderate-sized events with magnitudes Mw≥4.0 revealed predominantly normal and strike-slip faulting. We compare these to the deformation, dv/v and modeled Coulomb stress changes and present a joint interpretation.

We provide a summary of the complex spatial and temporal evolution of crustal seismic velocity changes in the weeks preceding the effusive eruption. The understanding of the pre-eruptive geophysical signatures of the Fagradalsfjall volcano will contribute to better predict future volcanic activity in the area.

How to cite: Cubuk Sabuncu, Y., Rodríguez Cardozo, F., Geirsson, H., Jónsdóttir, K., Hjörleifsdóttir, V., Lecocq, T., Caudron, C., and Mordret, A.: Evolution of temporal seismic velocity changes and earthquake source mechanisms during the 2021 Fagradalsfall dyke intrusion, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14037, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14037, 2023.