In recent years, the impact of climate change and extreme weather has not only expanded the scale of disasters, but also increased the frequency of disasters. In order to reduce the impact of natural disasters on cities, Making Cities Resilient (MCR) 2030 promoted by the international community has become an important issue. This study uses the "Ten Essentials" Toolkit for Resistant City constructed by the UNDRR to evaluate the disaster prevention and resilience capabilities of cities. However, the key to quantifying urban resilience is to link the indicators of the Disaster Resilience Scorecard with the operations of local government departments to strengthen urban resilience. Taking Taipei City as an example, this study uses the causal loop diagram (CLD) method to explore the business relationship between "Ten Essentials" and various bureaus, and builds a localized disaster resistance scorecard through expert meetings. CLD provides a visual map of the links between resilience indicators and local government operations, providing a clear conceptual model of operating resilient systems.

It can be seen from the analysis results that through the questionnaire survey, Taipei City's disaster prevention and resilience capabilities have achieved satisfied results in various Essentials. Among them, "Organizational Resilience", "Enhancing Organizational Resilience and Disaster Resilience", "Increasing Infrastructure Resilience", and "Ensuring Effective Disaster Response" performed best. At the same time, it is necessary to continue to strengthen the actuarial calculation of disaster risks, enhance financial resilience through catastrophe funds, and implement various measures such as community disaster prevention and business continuity plans, so as to continue to strengthen Taipei's urban resilience in the future.

How to cite: Pan, T.-Y., Wang, J.-T., Cheng, C.-C., and Lai, J.-S.: Applying causal loop diagram to localize the Disaster Resilience Scorecard of UNDRR - a case study of Taipei City, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3724, 2023.

Urban and sub-urban systems are increasingly exposed to high vulnerability to climate risks with a long-term cascading impact on communities, the physical environment and ecosystems.Cities represent the areas where the world's population is most concentrated (UN World Urbanization Prospects,2018) with major impacts on land use change and reduction of permeable surfaces. This condition increases the level of climate risk for urban areas as it increases the exposure of assets and individuals but also affects the ability of urban systems to respond to extreme weather phenomena.

In this framework, Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) is recognised by international literature and policy as a strategic factor in reducing the vulnerability of urban systems to climate change impacts such as heat island, heat canyon, flooding, runoff. I.G.U., in fact, produce ecosystem services capable of mitigating climate stress phenomena in cities by cooling (shading and evapotranspiration) and controlling runoff.
The scientific literature shows that interest in the U.G.I. project has shifted from a predominantly empirical and qualitative approach to an approach that sees the analytical implementation of information as an indispensable support of the project in terms of simulation, monitoring and control of the climate efficiency of infrastructures.

In particular, the analytical approach is functional to the "site-specific" and "hazard-specific" condition that characterises the U.G.Is. project. Among the main objects of investigation, the scientific community has long identified ecosystem services as a discriminating factor in assessing the climate efficiency of urban green areas. Recent studies have also made explicit the need to develop methods for the analytical measurement of ecosystem services in order to guide design towards appropriate climate performance thresholds.Starting from the assumption that information is the opposite of uncertainty (Ciribini, 1984), the U.G.I. design process must necessarily take advantage of new knowledge methods aimed at reducing the risk of failure and error, according to a predictive logic that aims to identify the most appropriate solution for a given urban context.

Remote sensing is an essential source of information on ecosystems and the state of natural capital for large-scale applications, but in the last two decades, the availability and advent of optical remote sensing and Earth observation data with various spectral, radiometric, spatial and temporal resolutions have increased significantly and constitute a very useful source of data even at the urban and site scale.

The paper presents a methodology for using remote sensing in the context of the U.G.I. project and in particular for mapping ecosystem services at the urban district scale.The methodology is tested on a case study chosen in the context of the metropolitan city of Naples and specifically in the eastern area, characterised by a peri-urban condition with strong environmental criticality.

How to cite: Di Palma, M. and Rigillo, M.: Remote Sensing for Urban Green Infrastructure. The analytical approach to meta-design process for climate risk reduction., EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16347, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16347, 2023.

The crisis in cities with high vulnerability are interlinked and cannot be addressed in isolation. The consideration of integrated approach to disaster management is essential to urban for resilience. This study aims to investigate the role of urban forests on reducing any potential risks from compound disasters in urban areas, represented by floods, air pollution, and human thermal comfort. At first, types of urban forests are investigated in a perspective of nature-based solutions (NbS) with various design criteria appropriate for urban rivers, potentially threatened by river flooding. Here, different kinds of scenarios are considered to figure out optimal design conditions as one of mitigating measures for individual disaster in urban areas adjacent to the river. From comparative analysis on hydrodynamic modelling with microclimate analysis and prediction, this study also evaluates main differences of changes in critical indicators for compound urban crises, such as water level, runoff, PM10, predicted mean vote (PMV), etc. Finally, it suggests how to maximize major functions of urban forests in the multi-criteria decision making context, towards a greener and more resilient city.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (2020R1G1A1013624) and in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No. NRF-2022R1A4A3032838).

How to cite: Park, K., Kim, H.-J., and Jun, C.: The role of urban forests in compound urban crises: focusing on floods, air pollution, and human thermal comfort, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-13418, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13418, 2023.

Recent climate, health and economic emergencies have put a strain on sustainable transition national and supranational systems and it has been showed how much human beings depend on the environment. In this context, it is relevant to address which role public law should embody in climate change adaptation. It is of course a complex question and it has at least two sides: public law could be an essential vehicle for implementing adaptation policy across a range of sector and a source for providing policies aimed at changing behaviour.

For instance, in the field of climate change, the regulatory problem arises in terms of good administration/governance. Public law could also, however, be interpreted as a tool for communicative action that may enhance co-operation in the municipal organization. In fact, the local government and private actors play an important role in the implementation of climate change adaptation. It follows that law-making is one of the key institutions providing the means to set priorities for climate action.

Being more specific, policy intervention sets objectives; the law (or regulation) tells how to reach them, determining the procedures that must be respected. Thus, policies are more widespread internationally, while laws at the domestic level.

Using the words of the HRH Sultan Azlam Shah, former Chief Justice of Malaysia, «legal principles and rules help convert our knowledge of what needs to be done into binding rules that govern human behaviour. Law is the bridge between scientific knowledge and political action» (23 August 1997). In order to catch the characteristics of the two tools in question it will be measured the effectiveness of non-binding solutions, such as the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26), and legislative tools as the European regulation n. 2021/1119 on green deal. The expected results of the study are a lack of effectiveness of planning tools at an international level, while local legislation keeps exceptional leeway for local administrators, free not to proactively involve stakeholders.

It will also address the relationship between national and supranational level’s planning: for these purposes, it will be relevant to analyse, in a comparative perspective, the impact of the Italian Piano per la Transizione energetica and Spanish legislation 2021/7, on Cambio Climático y Transición Energética.

How to cite: Bevilacqua, M.: Roles of law and planning for a sustainable approach: institutional profiles, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-9444, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9444, 2023.

Urban infrastructure systems are vulnerable to both anthropogenic and natural threats that have inherent uncertainty in scale, impact, directness, and timing. Traditional risk management approaches neglect to prepare for both compound disturbance that are not well defined or are novel and for non-stationary threats including future coastal scenarios impacted by sea level rise. Thus, a framework for evaluating the resilience of an infrastructure system rather than its’ risk tolerance is required.

In this work, resilience is defined as the ability of a system to prepare for, withstand, recover from, and adapt to future unknown disruptions. New York City NY, Gulfport MS, and Camp Lejeune NC were chosen as case study locations to evaluate a framework combining threat data and network analysis. For the current case studies threat data principally consists of flood depths from hydrologic models and the transportation network was used for analysis. Compound disturbances, consisting of GSSHA flood model output during Super Storm Sandy and randomized bridge failures were applied to the New York City roadway network. The impacts of this were analyzed using 10-minute travel time ego-nets around critical points in the city including hospitals, fire stations, and FEMA shelters. Compound disturbances near Camp Lejeune were represented on a regional level including NC-DOT regions one, two, and three with flooding data provided by FIMAN-T. For this location both the transportation network and the power grid were considered. In Gulfport, sea level rise was projected out to 2100 and used to drive an Adaptive Hydraulics 2D Shallow Water (AdH-SW2D) model of the area. This nonstationarity was added to with the inclusion of different river flow scenarios retrieved from StreamStats, a USGS tool. A similar effort was undertaken for Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.

This work aims to take knowledge and developed processes from the case studies described above to create a framework for resilience quantification. This framework will be able to take in threat data from a variety of sources and disciplines and apply this data any infrastructure network. The framework would enable forecasted or near-real time emergency response to natural hazards. Additionally planned infrastructure improvements and new construction could be efficiently evaluated for resilience during the design phase.

How to cite: Zimmerman, J., Chung, S., Everett, C., Maze, G., Savant, G., and Kurth, M.: A Network Analysis Approach to Infrastructure Resiliency to Compounding and Nonstationary Threats, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-10071, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-10071, 2023.

Key words: governance, collaborative tools, environmental design, resilience, Climate change adaptation, Disaster risk reduction

In the last decades, two specific themes are at the centre of contemporary debate on climate change or disaster risk issues in urban areas: the “sustainable city”, that integrates a balanced economic, social, and environmental development, and the “resilient city”, that includes the capacity of urban systems to anticipate and face extreme events. Those principles are emerging as innovation and experimentation hubs in which challenges related to climate change and natural hazards are tackled as opportunities for the social, economic, and environmental transition, in line with imperatives of global agendas as the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, and the New Urban Agenda, but also European agendas as European GreenDeal, European Adaptation Strategy, and NextGenerationEU. Therefore, urban planners and decision-makers need to integrate efforts to mitigate the causes of climate change (mitigation) and adapt to changing climatic conditions (adaptation).

To support this transition, the central challenge is to bring evidence-based concepts in action and consider the complexity of dynamic interdependencies in terms of climate benefits and co-benefits for the community and at the same time provide consistent decision-making support for stakeholders. To implement integrated climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in cities, a transdisciplinary, trans-sectoral and transnational process is needed, to bring science into practice and to identify and implement transformations at local scale. Community and institutional coordination have a central place in this domain. In order to keep an interdisciplinarity and connections between policy experts, technical services, and urban designers, resilient cities need a strong an effective risk governance framework, based on the promotion of knowledge-based decision-making processes. Such processes are aimed at evolving traditional approaches to environmental and spatial planning in orded to develop effective responses at local scale, raising questions over both technical solutions and appropriate governance structures in place. The development of a collaborative, socio-technical process appears vital to meet contemporary city challenges. This multi-dimensionality requires tools and methods of analysis to streamline links between research advancements and practice. Soft tools enabling stakeholder and community engagement, co-production of knowledge, collaborative mapping of priorities and co-design of solutions are crucial to support the needed radical shift in governance, planning and design practice.

The contribution will present methods and tools developed withing ongoing EU collaborative research projects: Erasmus+ KA220 “UCCRN_edu - Urban Climate Change Research Network for Higher Education: Climate-Resilient Design, Planning and Governance of Cities” (www.uccrn.education) and Horizon Europe “KNOWING - Framework for defining climate mitigation pathways based on understanding and integrated assessment of climate impacts, adaptation strategies and societal transformation”. In these experiences local authorities, stakeholders, and community are engaged to collaboratively envision city transformation pathways, to identify common goals and divergence elements, to evaluate climate benefits and social, economic and environmental co-benefits of possible technical solutions.

How to cite: Perney, M. and Leone, M.: Local governance and collaborative tools in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-16484, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-16484, 2023.

Impact forecasting means providing information on potential socioeconomic risks according to weather conditions, away from the existing weather factor-oriented forecast. The importance of impact information-based forecasting services that can support decision-making to reduce damage from weather disasters is being emphasized by the World Meteorological Organization. In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom are investing manpower and finance in technology development to provide and spread impact information, but awareness of impact forecasts has not spread in Korea. In addition, the focus is on disasters such as floods and typhoons, which cause a lot of damage to the impact forecast, and research on vehicle risk impact assessment due to strong winds in the transportation sector, which is relatively less damaged, is insufficient. In Korea, there are not many cases of damage to vehicle conduction due to strong winds, but there are cases of damage, the need for research is increasing, and it is insufficient compared to advanced countries. In order to assessment the risk of a vehicle due to strong winds, road vulnerability, high wind strength, and vehicle exposure are required, and the purpose of this study is to calculate the criteria for road vulnerability, which is a risk assessment factor of a vehicle. Road vulnerabilities were presented by dividing them into minimal, minor, significant, and severe through density analysis, and verification was conducted by substituting them for past damage cases. It is judged that the results of this study can be used as a criterion for preparing an objective evaluation of potential risks for vehicle drivers.

Acknowledgments This research was support by a (2022-MOIS63-002) of Cooperative Research Method and Safety Management Technology in National Disaster funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS, Korea).

How to cite: Choo, K., Choi, J., Kang, D., and Kim, B.: Estimation of road vulnerability criteria for vehicle overturning hazard impact assessment, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17319, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17319, 2023.

Keywords: climate vulnerability, digital modelling, Key Enabling Technologies

According to the IPCC, climate risks on a global scale will intensify with every tenth of a degree and therefore climate adaptation and mitigation must be at the core of the global response to climate change. 
According to European Green Deal on the transition to climate neutrality, strategies and actions on the built environment through sustainable building renovation become a priority for reducing climate vulnerability in the urban context. These actions require the development of knowledge processes and methodological workflows supported by ICT tools, able to define new operational environments and procedures for appropriate climate-resilient strategies.

The study reported in the paper aims to test a methodological workflow, based on digital simulation tools, for the evaluation of the effectiveness of climate mitigation and adaptation measures on the building-open space system.
The paper reports the results of the project experimentation on the application case of the PRIN 2017 Research "Tech-Start_key enabling TECHnologies and Smart environmenT in the Age of gReen economy Convergent innovations in the open space/building system for climaTe mitigation". The application case is the former Polifunzionale building in Piscinola district in northern Naples.

The methodological approach is based on the combination and integration of digital tools for assessing the effectiveness of design solutions for the mitigation and climate adaptation of indoor and outdoor spaces. The study focuses on the modelling and simulation of environmental performances before and after the building renovation. To this end, the following software was used: ENVI-met for 3D microclimatic and thermodynamic modelling, Dragonfly for district-scale modelling, Grasshopper for parametric modelling, and i-Tree software for ecosystem services provided by greening.
In the 3D modelling, some geometric simplifications were carried out for speeding up the simulation. The dimensional limits due to the ENVI-met open-source enforced a double simulation scale, referring first to the full area and then to detailed zones, producing synthetic and specific data.
The following indicators were selected to assess the performance of design solutions for the renovation of the Polifunzionale building: Predicted Mean Vote, Mean Radiant Temperature, Surface Temperature, Potential Air Temperature, and CO2 concentration (through ENVI-met). In addition, the benefits in terms of CO2 sequestration and air quality were quantified using i-Tree as well as the provision of certain ecosystem services.

Results showed that, due to the increase of design solutions such as greening and porous pavements, there is an average reduction of 3% in the Predicted Mean Vote value, 0.5 °C in the Potential Air Temperature, 1°C in the Surface Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature and 0.4 ppm in the CO2 concentration. 

The results demonstrate that the methodological approach is effective in evaluating mitigation and adaptation actions to tackle climate change through the definition of a set of indicators for monitoring the physical, functional and environmental aspects of the climate-resilient design solutions. The open-source versions of digital tools and database packages in the modelling and simulation allow for effective replicability of the process.

How to cite: Verde, S., Dell'Acqua, F., and Losasso, M.: Modeling and Simulation for Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Design. A Case Study in Northern Naples District, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 23–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-14548, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14548, 2023.