Idealized, High Resolution, 3D Modelling of Ice-Sheet Ocean interactions in long and narrow fjords

Ocean forcing of basal melt at the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets remains a major source of uncertainty in climate ice sheet modelling. Previous efforts to represent these effects focused mainly on the properties of the ocean waters reaching the marine terminating glaciers as well as the near-ice boundary layer flows and processes at the ice-ocean interface. We use high resolution, three dimensional modelling to show the influence that rotational effects have on the fjords circulation and the melt rate distribution and compare the total melt to earlier estimates from two dimensional simulations. Furthermore we investigate the influence that the along and across fjord bathymetry of Greenlandic glacial fjords has on the exchange flow of the warm ocean waters towards the ice sheets and the glacially modified water toward the open ocean. We find that the circulation pattern produced by rotational effects has a profound effect on the distribution of the melt rate at the ice base, producing a concentrated outflow and a melt maximum at the eastern side of a fjord that opens to the open ocean in the north even in narrow fjords (width of the order of the local Rossby Radius). The bathymetry in the fjord has a restricting effect on the inflow of warm Atlantic water and hence on the temperature forcing at the ice base. We compare the inflow strengths for different fjord bathymetries to theoretical estimateion using hydraulic theory (Whitehead, 1998).