CFD modelling to investigate hydrodynamic forces on bridges in case of submergence and material deposition

Increasingly frequent and intense flood events, combined with the remarkable industrialization process of cities, are placing transportation networks under stress. The loads that roads and railways must resist are nowadays often greater than those considered for their design; furthermore, their state of ageing is such that any disturbance (flood, earthquake, landslide) could cause a total or partial interruption of traffic resulting in socio-economic losses.
Bridges represent the most vulnerable component of a transport system and their failure can compromise the functionality of the entire network, as well as causing loss of life. During floods, bridges can be partially or completely submerged, having to withstand higher hydrodynamic loads which can lead to the collapse of the structure itself. Furthermore, accumulations of large wood and scour total around the bridge piers can reduce the load-bearing capacity of the structure and therefore its structural integrity.
In this study, we investigated the hydrodynamic actions and the 3-dimensional flow field at a model bridge (comprising deck and pier) using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling. Drag and lift forces acting on the rectangular-shaped deck were estimated for different submergence values to evaluate the structure's maximum permissible load. In particular, drag and lift coefficients were calculated by simulating various flow conditions (Froude number varying between  0.16 and 0.50) and adopting three different turbulence models (RNG, k-ε, k-ω).
In addition, the effect on the drag coefficient of the accumulation of large wood around the pier was also examined, considering different geometries. Numerical simulations, performed for both fixed and live river bed conditions, were validated using experimental data. However, the trends of the synthetic curves constructed so far have presented characteristics similar to those present in the literature, with all positive values ​​for the drag coefficient and negative ​​for the lift coefficient. 
The emerging evaluations allow us to provide useful indications to designers to evaluate the possible state of stresses on existing bridges and improve knowledge for designing new ones.