An Enthalpy-Hydrology Coupled 3D full-Stokes Flow Model of Thwaites’ Eastern Shear Margin

The force balance of an ice steam determines its velocity, and along with cross sectional area, influences total flux of glacial ice to the ocean. Satellite datasets provide us strong time series velocity data, while radar, seismics, and geophysical inversion methods yield width and depth estimates within an ice column. However, should an ice stream widen or narrow, the flux of ice to the ocean could change perceptibly. 
Thwaites Glacier’s eastern shear margin is not topographically bounded, but rather arcs across a shallow subglacial rise of intermittent hills and valleys. To determine the stability of the margin it is imperative to understand the force balance and total energy of the glacier system along the shear zone. Driving forces are balanced by normal and shear stresses along the bed, and longitudinal shearing in the margin. The resistance (or lack thereof) creates deformational (frictional-sliding) heating which add energy to the system altering rate factor and meltwater generation, which in turn alter the viscosity and slip factors, making a complex feedback system.
To analyze this system, we develop a 3D full-Stokes flow model in the Elmer/ICE finite element software. The model resolves at 500 m horizontally over realistic surface and bed topography from BedMachinev3. Model domains cover key data acquisition sites from the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration, Thwaites Interdisciplinary shear Margin Evolution (ITGC TIME) seismic and radar field studies. To determine energy balance, we employ the enthalpy field equations which efficiently solve the thermal field, solve for water content generation, and couple nicely with variable rate factors. Models are initialized by a suite of 1D thermal profiles, converted to enthalpy values, derived from quartile statistics of RACMO2.3p1 surface specific mass balance data, and then advected to steady state flow. 
These models are then run with a flow-coupled glacier drainage system (GlaDS) and enthalpy relation to determine temperate ice distribution, and basal water production. Non-linear Coulomb and Weertman sliding laws are tested between scenarios of natural melt generation, through full drainage piracy of the upper Pine Island catchment, which will determine the effect of spatiotemporal variation in effective pressure (N) on shear margin stability.
Through the suite of spin up models and scenarios, we aim to determine the stability of Thwaites Glacier’s eastern shear margin from perturbations in enthalpy from both sliding friction, and viscous heating from temperate ice generation over non-idealized bed topography and within the shear margin itself. Results will help inform catchment scale transient flow models which aid in determining sea level contribution and West Antarctic Ice Sheet stability.