Analyzing 23 years of warm-season derechos in France: a climatology and investigation of synoptic and environmental changes

Derechos are severe convective storms known for producing widespread damaging winds. While less frequent than in the United States of America (USA), derechos also occur in Europe. The notable European event on 18 August 2022 exhibited gusts exceeding 200 km h^-1, spanning 1500 km in 12 hours. This study presents a first climatology of warm-season derechos in France, identifying thirty-eight (38) events between 2000 and 2022. Similar to Germany, derechos in France are associated with a southwesterly circulation and display comparable frequencies. While a suggestive trend of higher late-season frequency and a potential larger proportion of low-intensity events in France are observed, caution is warranted due to the lack of statistical significance arising from a relatively small sample size. The study also examines synoptic and environmental changes linked with analogues of the 500 hPa geopotential height patterns associated with past warm-season derechos, comparing analogues from a relatively distant past (1950–1980) with a recent period (1992–2022). For most events, a notable increase in convective available potential energy (CAPE) is observed, consistent with Mediterranean trends. However, there is no consistent change in 0–6 km vertical wind shear in the recent period. These environmental shifts align with higher near-surface temperatures, altered mid-level atmospheric flow patterns, and often, increased rainfall. The role of anthropogenic climate change in these changes remains uncertain, given potential influences of natural variability factors such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).