A hydrothermal model for unsaturated frozen rocks based on lattice Boltzmann method

Frost weathering is considered the primary cause of erosion in periglacial environments. This process is initiated by the freezing of water within rock pores and its subsequent expansion, which generates substantial forces leading to the physical fragmentation and disintegration of the rock structure. To detail the mechanism and predict the patterns of rock fracturing, this study has developed a specialized numerical model. In previous study, researchers typically studied the mechanical failure of rocks via macroscopic numerical methods. However, these methods often face limitations in depicting mesoscale forces, particularly in the context of multiphase flow processes of water migration. Moreover, the influences of various hydrothermal conditions on the mechanical behavior of rocks are frequently overlooked. In this study, a coupled lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) was developed to simulate the freezing process in rocks. The porous structure with complexity and disorder was generated by using a stochastic growth method, and then the Shan-Chen multi-phase model and enthalpy-based phase change model were coupled by introducing a freezing interface force to describe the variation of phase interface. By utilizing the developed model, the ice growth process in rock pores can be well depicted under porous conditions characterized by varying contact angles, porosities, and specific surface areas. Building on this foundation, our work advances the understanding of the complex interaction between thermal dynamics and mechanical processes in periglacial environments, shedding light on the mechanisms of frost weathering and the predictive modeling of rock fracture patterns under varying hydrothermal conditions.