Using atmospheric measurements to evaluate recent bottom-up trends and seasonal patterns in U.K. and Swiss N2O emissions

Atmospheric trace gas measurements can be used to independently assess national greenhouse gas inventories through inverse modelling. Here, atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) measurements are used to derive monthly U.K. N₂O emissions for 2013-2022 – using the InTEM and RHIME inverse methods – and Swiss N₂O emissions for 2017-2022 – using the ELRIS inverse method. We find mean U.K. emissions of 90.5±23.0 and 111.7±32.1 Gg N₂O yr^-1 for 2013-2022 and corresponding trends of -0.68±0.48 and -2.10±0.72 Gg N₂O yr^-2, respectively, derived using InTEM and RHIME. The 2013-2022 mean U.K. N₂O emissions as reported by the U.K. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory were relatively constant at 74 Gg N₂O yr^-1 across this period, which is 14-33% smaller than the U.K. emissions derived from atmospheric data. Top-down Swiss emissions of 10.8±3.8 Gg N₂O yr^-1 derived using atmospheric measurements were very comparable to those reported in the Swiss National Inventory: 11.5 (8.3 to 14.9) Gg N₂O yr^-1 over 2017-2021. Pronounced seasonal N₂O emissions cycles are inferred in the U.K. and Swiss data with similar seasonal magnitudes observed in both countries. In the U.K., the primary seasonal peak occurs in the spring with a second smaller peak occurring in the late summer for certain years. The springtime peak has a long seasonal decline that contrasts with the sharp rise and fall of N₂O emissions estimated from the bottom-up U.K. Emissions Model (UKEM). Similarly, Swiss seasonal N₂O emissions peak during the summer with a second smaller peak also occurring in the late summer/early autumn for certain years. Bayesian inference is used to minimize the U.K. seasonal cycle mismatch between the average top-down (atmospheric data-based) and UKEM bottom-up (process model and inventory-based) seasonal emissions at a sub-sector level. Increasing agricultural manure management and decreasing synthetic fertiliser N₂O emissions reduces some of the discrepancy between the average U.K. top-down and bottom-up seasonal cycles. Other possibilities could also explain these discrepancies, such as missing emissions from NH₃ deposition, but these require further investigation.