Carbon dynamics shift in changing cryosphere and hydrosphere of the Third Pole

The Third Pole (TP) represent the largest alpine mountains on Earth. Its cryosphere is shrinking and collapsing and the hydrosphere is subsequently expanding under a warming climate in recent decades, posing potential impacts on biogeochemical cycles. In particular, the carbon cycles there have experienced dramatic changes, primarily with the alterations of cryosphere and hydrosphere. Carbon emissions from the melting glaciers and thawing permafrost can further trigger feedback on climate change. However, their current status and future fate in this region still need clarification comprehensively. Here, we review the current state of carbon stocks in the changing TP cryosphere and hydrosphere, focusing on their variations in permafrost, glaciers, and related inland waters (upper river streams, thermokarst lakes, and glacial lakes). We also considered their release pathways and the amounts of carbon released into aquatic ecosystems and the atmosphere. Finally, we recommend research priorities to address dynamics in carbon cycling and possible future impacts on the TP. This review will highlight the important of dynamics of carbon cycle on the TP under climate change in future.