Linking pre-flare active region parameters to Flare, CME and SEP properties

Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and associated Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) play crucial roles in influencing space weather in the vicinity of Earth and beyond. Forecasting these events requires prior knowledge and understanding of the physical mechanisms driving these phenomena. Although some CMEs and flares are strongly associated with intense SEPs, there are instances where little or no SEP connection is evident. This lack of consistent correlation between observed SEPs at 1 AU and their origins near the Sun is primarily due to the complex interplanetary environment that governs SEP generation, acceleration, and transport. Currently, there is no reliable and consistent method for long-term forecasting (spanning hours to days) of SEP properties, and efforts to develop such forecasting techniques are ongoing. The Space Weather Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Active Region Patches (SHARP) provide information about the magnetic properties (e.g., helicity, strength, and gradient) of solar active regions and pre-flaring activity.  In this work, we examined the connection between the characteristics of 21 large gradual SEP events affecting the Earth environmentand and their associated SHARP parameters. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between SEP peak intensities at ~10 MeV and ~50 MeV, CME speed, X-ray flare, and the SHARP parameters. Our findings reveal consistent and stable correlations, both positive and negative, between average SHARP parameters and each of the analyzed properties within the 24 hours leading up to the flare onset. These results offer evidence that SHARP parameters could significantly enhance the prediction of space weather events.