Integration of health indicators and quantification of benefits from BGS urban interventions

    With the growing interest in utilizing Blue-green solutions to mitigate the negative impact of urbanization and climate change, and further enhance human health, it becomes essential to comprehensively understand the extent to which BGS influence human well-being through integrating various indicators. Building upon concepts within the existing framework of the Nature-Based solutions to health theory, this study aims to investigate the changes in heart rate among park users and establish connections between these changes and the benefits brought about by urban green spaces, as well as the potential of integrating wearables to quantify the impact of BGS on human health. The research was conducted at the demo site of the HEART project, the Pedion of Areos Park in Athens. The heart rate data of two participants engaged in walking activities within the park were recorded through wearable devices. By analyzing the associations between factors like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), air pollutants, temperature with heart rate, as well as the complex interplay of various environmental indicators, this study reveals the positive impact of BGS on human health. The outcomes of quantitative statistical analysis indicate that temperature significantly influences heart rate, while the impact of air pollutants on heart rate is not clearly revealed. The result from spatial analysis further confirms a significant correlation between the increase in NDVI and the reduction in Land Surface Temperature (LST), particularly during the spring season. These research findings demonstrate that heart rate can serve as an effective health indicator to quantify the benefits of BGS. While the generalizability of study results might have limitations, it offers insights into the influence of urban green spaces on human health. In the future, with larger sample sizes, diversified datasets such as GeoHealth data with health status, age, and gender, and long-term observations, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of these positive impacts, thus providing stronger scientific foundations for urban planning and design.