Nature-based solutions for improving food security: A systematic globalreview

Nature-based solutions (NBSs) have been promoted as a holistic way to solve a variety of societal issues while benefiting biodiversity at the same time. To date, applications of NBS approaches that help ensure food security have yet been systematically reviewed. In this paper, we critically review the specific NBSs for food security, highlighting their limitations, to provide recommendations that promote their applications for improving global food security. Our systematic review of nearly 700 peer-reviewed articles indicated that many NBS approaches can be applied to enhance food security dimensions individually or together. However, there is a strong bias towards food availability and not enough research has been done to link NBSs with
improvements in food access and utilization. Over 80% of the reviewed papers were of short-term studies or without specific timeframes, and 25% offered no information on economic effectiveness of NBSs. Environmental benefits of NBSs were explicitly described in about 60% of these papers, and biodiversity enhancement was measured in only about 10%. We, therefore, recommend future applications of NBSs to safeguard food security be shifted to food access and utilization with careful consultation with local communities to address their specific context, using indicators that are easily measured and managed. Systematic monitoring regime and robust and diversified financial support system are also equally important in efforts to successfully implement NBSs. Moreover, environmental and societal benefits, especially water productivity and biodiversity, must be incorporated into the planning and design of NBSs.