Identification and mapping the surface water bodies that are sensitive to groundwater drought in the Godavari basin, India

In recent times, several countries all around the world are experiencing groundwater droughts that are drying up surface water bodies (SWBs), such as rivers, marshes, lakes, etc. For implementing proper water management strategies, it is important to identify the SWBs that are continuously dependent upon the local groundwater reserve to feed them. SWBs that have some reserve throughout the year are fed by the local groundwater during the dry seasons. The rivers, lakes, and wetlands that exhibit these characteristics are referred to as perennial SWBs. Losing SWBs refers to the rivers, lakes, and wetlands for which the groundwater table is lower than the surface water elevation, and thus do not possess perennial characteristics. The water spread areas of SWBs in the Godavari basin are mapped by utilizing Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI). The NDWI or AWEI were obtained by using multi-temporal Landsat or Sentinel Satellite datasets in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Due to the limited spatial resolution of the satellite data, this analysis only considers water bodies with a surface area greater than 3,600 m². The standardized water spread area index (SWSAI) is used to calculate the magnitude of the surface water drought of different water bodies with respect to space and time. The SWSAI is determined by using the water spread area from NDWI or AWEI by assuming that the water spread area increases due to increase in water surface elevation.  The standardized groundwater table index (SGWTI) is used here to compute the magnitude of groundwater table drought by using the depth of the water table in different observation wells obtained from various central and state government agencies in India. The primary goal of this study is to identify and map the drought sensitive zones responsible for river aridity by plotting correlation matrix for SGWTI of different observation wells. The second objective of this study is to map the spatio-temporal variation of SWSAI of different surface water bodies like ponds, lakes, and wetlands, etc. in the Godavari River Basin, India. The third aim is to determine the correlation between the SGWTI and SWSAI as well as identify the surface water bodies that are influenced by groundwater drought. By this procedure, it would be feasible to determine whether or not there is a connection between the travel time for the groundwater drought propagating from minor surface water bodies (wetlands, lakes, ponds, etc.) to major ones (rivers). It can thus be proved that the surface water dryness in wetlands, lakes progresses towards the rivers due to presence of groundwater drought in the river basin. A correlation (ranging from 0.81 to 0.9) between the depth of connectivity of surface water-groundwater with the SGWTI is computed in this study to demonstrate that the upper Godavari River is highly affected by the groundwater drought, whereas, the middle Godavari river is moderately influenced and the lower Godavari river is less influenced by it.