Analysis and research on interactions between human systems and the extreme rainstorm setting

The losses caused by flood emerges from the intricate interplay between natural and human systems. Particularly noteworthy is the flood disaster induced by exceptionally intense precipitation within densely populated mega-citys. A poignant illustration of this dynamic unfolded on July 20th, 2021, in the city of Zhengzhou, China. This event precipitated 380 fatalities, accompanied by a direct economic loss  exceeding  5.6 billion U.S. dollars, thereby exerting profound repercussions on national economic and social development. To unravel the intricate interactions between human systems and the extreme natural setting, our investigation delves into specific disaster events, such as fatalities occurring in metro line 5 and the tunnel of Jing-guang urban expressway, the overtopping peril of Guojiazui reservoir, and the explosion at an aluminum alloy factory. Employing a systemic perspective, we analyze human activities during the phases of early warning, response and disposal. Our findings underscore pivotal factors contributing to the substantial loss of life, including inefficient organization and preparedness by local government entities, inadequate emergency response measures from various departments, and a lack of readiness among the local populace. In response to these identified shortcomings, we proffer concrete recommendations for disaster prevention. These suggestions serve as valuable references for mega-cities, advocating measures such as fortifying the linkage mechanism among governmental departments and enhancing public awareness regarding flood hazards.