Effect of Streamflow Component Structure on Characterizing Storage–Discharge Dynamics in an Analytical Probabilistic Streamflow Model

Streamflow represents the hydrological output behavior of the catchment system and can elucidate the physical processes of other hydrological variables, such as rainfall–runoff processes and storage–discharge dynamics. Understanding streamflow dynamics not only enhances comprehension of complex hydrological processes and influencing factors, but also aids in estimating potential hydrological conditions in ungauged areas. In this study, we explored the differences in the flow duration curve (FDC) structure of streamflow components, ranging from slow to fast, using multiple hydrograph separation. Additionally, we analyzed the recession index and recession parameters of individual recession segments to characterize the storage-discharge dynamics based on the linear and nonlinear reservoir assumptions, respectively. We applied an analytical probabilistic streamflow model to determine which structure better aligns with the model’s physical basis, assuming streamflow generation from groundwater discharge when a sequence of rainfall events increases soil moisture beyond the retention capacity. It also provides estimations of optimal recession parameters for comparison with individual recession segment results. The recession analyses and multiple streamflow components separation revealed differences in dominant recession index, recession parameters, and streamflow complexity between catchments, highlighting their relationships with catchment characteristics. Recession parameters from FDCs with different components demonstrated the storage–discharge mechanisms associated with changes in streamflow components. The conformity of multiple streamflow component structures to the model’s basic assumptions can be evaluated through the model performance, contributing to an understanding of streamflow component structures in catchments and their relevance to specific streamflow generation mechanisms.