Distributed and time-series estimates of basal melt from Kamb Ice Stream’s grounding zone ocean cavity

Melt beneath Antarctica’s large cold-cavity ice shelves remains a major source of uncertainty in ice sheet projections. Beneath these ice shelves melt is typically greatest both at the ice shelf front and at the grounding zone where ice first goes afloat. Grounding zone melt is thought to have a significant influence on ice flow across the grounding line, but can be difficult to estimate using remote sensing methods due to flexure of the overriding ice shelf. Added complexity in the grounding zone is caused by the thin water column, abundant basal crevassing, and the possible addition of subglacial fresh water draining from beneath the ice sheets. Here we present two independent estimates of basal melt from the ocean cavity of Kamb Ice Stream’s grounding zone, Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica. The first method uses repeat phase-sensitive radar observations to estimate melt in profiles from approximately 5 km seaward of the grounding line to approximately 3 km upstream of the grounding line. The second method uses an approximately 10-month long time series of oceanographic observations from a site 3.5 km seaward of the grounding line. Both methods are complemented by the high resolution observations provided by the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Icefin. The spatially distributed estimates show a more than tripling of melt rate within 5 km of the grounding line. The mooring derived melt rates demonstrate a melt-rate dependence on diurnal and spring-neap tidal currents. The average mooring melt rate more closely matches the radar-based estimates when a drag coefficient previously estimated using Icefin observations is used. Lastly we demonstrate an interesting correlation between mooring derived melt rates and ice shelf surface velocities obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations.