Control of vegetation and temperature on topsoil water losses

Due to its location at the interface between land surface and atmosphere, soil moisture (SM) plays an important role in modulating energy, water and carbon fluxes. During periods of decreasing SM, SM loss is dependent on evapotranspiration (ET), drainage and changes in plant water storage. Investigating SM loss can give important insights into these processes. Here we use 24 years of global remote sensing data to investigate how SM loss is controlled by vegetation and temperature. We find that positive vegetation anomalies lead to slower SM loss in most areas, except for cold boreal forests. We hypothesize that these effects arise through competing effects of soil shading, transpiration and root water uptake by the vegetation. The effect that positive vegetation anomalies increase SM loss is limited to high SM conditions and disappears at lower SM, likely due to water stress limiting transpiration. By analyzing temperature and vegetation anomalies jointly we find that the relationship between SM loss and temperature varies between regions, but vegetation cover effects persist across the full range of temperature anomalies. Using a simple energy and moisture budget model we can reproduce observed vegetation and temperature effects, supporting the interpretation that vegetation controls topsoil SM loss through shading and transpiration. We also find widespread positive SM loss trends which indicates accelerated topsoil water cycling, likely due to higher atmospheric water demand driven by increasing temperatures.