Unveiling the fine structures of Venusian space environment: Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and Turbulence

Venus is a terrestrial planet comparable to Earth in size and orbit, but it lacks a global magnetic field and has a markedly different atmosphere. Due to relatively sparse observations and limited modeling capabilities, the fine meso-scale structures have not received enough attention, despite their key roles in cross-scale momentum and energy coupling as well as atmospheric escape. In this study, we present the development of a high-resolution MHD model of the magnetosphere–ionosphere system for unmagnetized planets. Using both simulations with observations, we investigate fine structures in the space environments of Venus, including Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, turbulence, and ion escape. The results provide new insights into multiscale coupling and the evolution of the unmagnetized planetary environments.