Safeguarding Geoheritage in a Changing World: An interdisciplinary assessment of the value and vulnerability for Neamț County's geosites

Geological heritage, geological conservation, and efforts dedicated to preserving our planet's geological heritage have gained significant global recognition. However, these areas, which protect the natural heritage shaped by ancient Earth forces, represent a fragile patrimony that is constantly under threat.  As a modern concept with deep historical roots, geological heritage requires the systematic identification and evaluation of sites as a basis for effective management. In Neamț County, Romania, a remarkable yet vulnerable geological heritage awaits protection, including landmarks such as the Munticelu and Toșorog caves, the imposing natural monuments of Piatra Teiului and Stânca Șerbești, and valuable paleontological reserves, such as Cozla and Pietricica. Despite their importance, these sites lack a coordinated conservation strategy and are vulnerable to natural degradation and human activities. To remedy this critical gap, our study conducts an in-depth assessment, quantifying their vulnerability to geomorphological processes, weathering, and anthropogenic impact. We complement this with a practical assessment of tourist accessibility using GIS and terrain modelling, also considering the scientific, educational, and tourist potential of each site.

The results are both a warning and an opportunity. They reveal a high risk of degradation, particularly for the fossil-rich paleontological site from Cozla Mountain. Yet, they simultaneously highlight the region's strong suitability for sustainable geotourism development. This dual insight underscores an urgent need: to transform vulnerability into value by implementing robust, science-based strategies that can preserve Neamț County's unique geological story for future generations, turning its heritage into a cornerstone for education and mindful tourism.