Tectonic Geomorphology of the Batee Fault Inferred from LiDAR: Implications for Fault Kinematics and Segment Linkage in the Great Sumatran Fault System

The Batee Fault in northern Sumatra represents one of the most enigmatic structures within the Great Sumatran Fault System (GSFS), where fault connectivity, kinematic transitions, and segment boundaries remain poorly understood. Its subdued geomorphic expression, dense vegetation, and limited previous mapping have contributed to long-standing uncertainty regarding its role in accommodating strain in the northern portion of the system. To address this gap, we present the first systematic tectonic geomorphology analysis of the Batee Fault using newly acquired high-resolution airborne LiDAR data. The LiDAR-derived bare-earth DEM (1 m resolution) reveals a continuous but internally complex right-lateral strike-slip fault trace marked by offset and deflected drainages, shutter ridges, linear valleys, pressure ridges, and localized sag depressions. These features allow us to refine the fault geometry, delineate distributed deformation zones, and distinguish between primary and secondary strands. We integrate geomorphic mapping with structural measurements and regional tectonic context to assess fault kinematics and potential linkages to adjacent GSFS segments. This study provides the most detailed surface characterization of the Batee Fault to date and highlight the value of high-resolution LiDAR in resolving fault traces in tropical, low-relief environments. The improved understanding of the Batee Fault’s geometry and kinematics contributes to refining GSFS segmentation models and enhancing seismic hazard assessments in this tectonically active region.